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Active Directory Certificate Services (AD CS) escalation techniques ESC1 through ESC17, driven by hand with Certipy (ly4k). Use when the target runs a Certificate Authority and you want to find vulnerable certificate templates or CA misconfigurations, request a certificate that impersonates a privileged user, and know the exact certipy command, what each ESC actually checks, the Windows Event IDs that fire, and the remediation. ESC1 and ESC8 are the two you hit most in the field.

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Kerberos-based Active Directory attacks driven by hand with standard tooling (Kerberoasting, AS-REP roasting, and delegation abuse: unconstrained, constrained/S4U, RBCD). Use when the target has SPN-bearing service accounts, accounts without pre-authentication, or delegation configured on computer/user objects, and you want the exact impacket/Rubeus/bloodyAD command, the hash format and hashcat mode, the Windows Event IDs that fire, and the remediation to write up.

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Abusing Active Directory object ACLs (DACL/ownership) for privilege escalation and lateral movement (GenericAll, GenericWrite, WriteDACL, WriteOwner, AddMember, ForceChangePassword, and replication rights via DS-Replication-Get-Changes-All). Use when BloodHound CE shows an outbound control edge from a principal you own toward a higher-value object, and you want the exact bloodyAD/impacket command to weaponize that ACE, plus detection and remediation. DCSync is covered here strictly as a post-compromise technique, not a user entry path.

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Real-world Active Directory environment constraints that silently break attacks when ignored: NTLM disabled (Kerberos fallback), AES-only KDCs (RC4 blocked by GPO), LDAP signing and channel binding requiring LDAPS on 636, Kerberos clock skew (KRB_AP_ERR_SKEW), SPNs that must be FQDNs never short names or IPs (the misleading invalidCredentials), Protected Users / LAPS / gMSA / MachineAccountQuota, LDAP 1000-object paging, and VPN latency. Use this whenever a bind, TGT request, LDAP query, or SMB negotiation fails in a way that looks like bad credentials but is really hardening, or before running any AD tooling against a domain you have not fingerprinted. Standard-tooling knowledge (netexec, impacket, certipy, bloodyAD, kerbrute), no vendor-specific engine.

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The order of operations for an Active Directory penetration test: setup, collection, exploitation, post-processing. Use this whenever you are planning or driving an AD assessment and need to know what to run before what and why (map before you exploit; harvest easy credentials before spraying to avoid lockouts; collect the graph before you reason about paths). Covers phase sequencing with standard tooling: netexec/nxc, impacket, certipy, bloodyAD, kerbrute, BloodHound CE. Invoke it at the start of an engagement, when deciding the next phase, or when a step feels out of order.

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The telemetry each Active Directory technique generates and what alerts a defender: Kerberoasting produces Event 4769 with RC4 encryption (0x17) and an MDI alert, DCSync produces Event 4662 with the DS-Replication-Get-Changes GUID, AS-REP roasting produces Event 4768 with no pre-auth, LSASS dumping is blocked by EDR, plus a lateral-movement telemetry table by protocol (SMB/WMI/WinRM/RDP/DCOM). Use this whenever you run or plan an offensive AD technique and need to know what noise it makes, when writing the engagement's detection notes, or when a defender wants to know what to monitor. Teaches red teamers what is loud and blue teamers what to watch. Standard-tooling knowledge, no vendor engine.

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Authentication coercion (PetitPotam MS-EFSR, PrinterBug MS-RPRN, DFSCoerce MS-DFSNM) chained into NTLM relay (impacket ntlmrelayx) toward LDAP, AD CS web enrollment (ESC8), or SMB. Use when SMB signing is not enforced or LDAP channel binding is missing, and you want to force a privileged machine account to authenticate to your relay and turn that into RBCD, a DCSync-capable ACL grant, or a certificate. Includes the exact Coercer/ntlmrelayx commands, requirements, detection, and remediation.

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A high-level conceptual mapping from Active Directory attack techniques to the compliance controls they touch. Kerberoasting relates to authentication and logging, so it brushes ENS op.acc.5 / op.exp.8, NIS2 Art.21(2)(h), DORA RTS Art.9 / Art.21. Use this when a reader wants to understand which regulatory control an AD finding relates to, or to add an orientation note to a technical finding. This is a conceptual, orientative mapping only; it is NOT an auditor-defensible, curated, ID-by-ID control matrix. Covers ENS (op.acc.*, op.exp.*), NIS2 (Directive 2022/2555 Art.21), and DORA (RTS 2024/1774).

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