a11y

Accessibility implementation guide aligned with WCAG 2.2 Level AA, WAI-ARIA 1.2, and WCAG2ICT.

Standards Reference

Standard	Scope	Normative Source
WCAG 2.2	Web content	https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG22/
WAI-ARIA 1.2	Widget semantics	https://www.w3.org/TR/wai-aria-1.2/
ARIA APG	Authoring patterns	https://www.w3.org/WAI/ARIA/apg/
WCAG2ICT	Non-web ICT	https://www.w3.org/TR/wcag2ict-22/
EN 301 549	EU procurement	ETSI EN 301 549 V3.2.1

WCAG 2.2 New Success Criteria

SC	Level	Requirement	Implementation
2.4.11	AA	Focus Not Obscured (Minimum)	Ensure focused element is at least partially visible
2.4.13	AAA	Focus Appearance	Focus indicator area ≥ 2px perimeter, 3:1 contrast
2.5.7	A	Dragging Movements	Provide single-pointer alternative to drag operations
2.5.8	AA	Target Size (Minimum)	24×24 CSS pixels minimum
3.2.6	A	Consistent Help	Place help mechanisms in same relative location
3.3.7	A	Redundant Entry	Auto-populate previously entered information
3.3.8	AA	Accessible Authentication	No cognitive function test for login

Critical Success Criteria

Perceivable

SC	Requirement	Implementation	Test
1.1.1	Non-text content	alt on images, aria-label on icon buttons	img[alt], button[aria-label]
1.3.1	Info and relationships	Semantic HTML, no <div> for structure	Landmark audit
1.4.3	Contrast (minimum)	4.5:1 text, 3:1 large text	axe color-contrast
1.4.11	Non-text contrast	3:1 UI components/graphics	Manual inspection

Operable

SC	Requirement	Implementation	Test
2.1.1	Keyboard	All functions keyboard-accessible	Tab traversal
2.4.3	Focus order	Logical DOM sequence	Visual focus path
2.4.7	Focus visible	2px+ visible indicator	focus-visible:ring-2
2.5.8	Target size	Minimum 24x24 CSS pixels	min-w-6 min-h-6

Understandable

SC	Requirement	Implementation	Test
3.2.1	On focus	No context change on focus	Focus does not submit
3.3.1	Error identification	Text description, not color alone	role="alert" present

Robust

SC	Requirement	Implementation	Test
4.1.2	Name, role, value	Accessible name on all controls	axe button-name

Semantic HTML (Mandatory)

// REQUIRED: Landmark structure
<header role="banner">...</header>
<nav aria-label="Main">...</nav>
<main role="main">...</main>
<aside role="complementary">...</aside>
<footer role="contentinfo">...</footer>

// PROHIBITED: Div-based structure
<div class="header">  // SC 1.3.1 violation
<div onClick={...}>   // SC 2.1.1, 4.1.2 violation

Top 10 Violations with Fixes

1. Missing button name (SC 4.1.2)

// BAD
<button onClick={handleDelete}><Trash2 /></button>

// GOOD
<button type="button" aria-label="Delete" onClick={handleDelete}>
  <Trash2 aria-hidden="true" />
</button>

2. Div as interactive element (SC 2.1.1, 4.1.2)

// BAD
<div className="btn" onClick={handleClick}>Save</div>

// GOOD
<button type="button" onClick={handleClick}>Save</button>

3. Missing form label (SC 1.3.1, 4.1.2)

// BAD
<input placeholder="Search..." />

// GOOD
<label htmlFor="search">Search</label>
<input id="search" type="search" />
// OR
<input type="search" aria-label="Search files" />

4. Color-only information (SC 1.4.1)

// BAD
<input className={error ? "border-red-500" : ""} />

// GOOD
<input aria-invalid={!!error} aria-describedby="error-msg" />
{error && <span id="error-msg" role="alert">{error}</span>}

5. Missing alt text (SC 1.1.1)

// BAD
<img src="/logo.png" />

// GOOD: Informative
<img src="/logo.png" alt="Company logo" />

// GOOD: Decorative
<img src="/decoration.png" alt="" role="presentation" />

6. Insufficient contrast (SC 1.4.3)

/* BAD: ~2.5:1 ratio */
.muted { color: oklch(75% 0 0); }

/* GOOD: 4.5:1+ ratio */
.muted { color: oklch(45% 0 0); }

Color Vision Deficiency (CVD) Support

Never rely on color alone to convey information (SC 1.4.1):

// BAD: Color-only status
<span className={status === "error" ? "text-red-500" : "text-green-500"}>
  {status}
</span>

// GOOD: Color + icon + text
<span className={status === "error" ? "text-red-500" : "text-green-500"}>
  {status === "error" ? <AlertCircle aria-hidden /> : <CheckCircle aria-hidden />}
  {status === "error" ? "Error" : "Success"}
</span>

Testing tools:

• Chrome DevTools: Rendering → Emulate vision deficiencies
• Sim Daltonism (macOS)
• Color Oracle (Windows)

7. Missing focus indicator (SC 2.4.7)

// BAD
<button className="outline-none">Action</button>

// GOOD
<button className="focus-visible:outline-none focus-visible:ring-2 focus-visible:ring-ring focus-visible:ring-offset-2">
  Action
</button>

8. Skipped heading levels (SC 1.3.1)

// BAD
<h1>Title</h1>
<h3>Subsection</h3>  // h2 skipped

// GOOD
<h1>Title</h1>
<h2>Subsection</h2>

9. Small touch target (SC 2.5.8)

// BAD: 16x16
<button className="p-0.5"><X size={12} /></button>

// GOOD: 24x24 minimum
<button className="p-2 min-w-6 min-h-6"><X size={16} /></button>

10. Auto-playing media (SC 1.4.2)

// BAD
<video src="/demo.mp4" autoPlay />

// GOOD
<video src="/demo.mp4" autoPlay muted />

Component Patterns

TreeView (APG)

<ul role="tree" aria-label="File explorer">
  <li
    role="treeitem"
    aria-expanded={isExpanded}
    aria-selected={isSelected}
    aria-level={level}
    aria-setsize={siblingCount}
    aria-posinset={position}
    tabIndex={isFocused ? 0 : -1}  // Roving tabindex
  >
    <span>{name}</span>
    {hasChildren && (
      <ul role="group">{children}</ul>
    )}
  </li>
</ul>

Keyboard: ↓↑ navigate, → expand/child, ← collapse/parent, Enter activate, Space toggle, Home/End boundaries

Modal Dialog (APG)

<div
  role="dialog"
  aria-modal="true"
  aria-labelledby="dialog-title"
  tabIndex={-1}
>
  <h2 id="dialog-title">Title</h2>
  {/* Focus trap: Tab cycles within */}
  {/* Escape: closes dialog */}
  {/* On close: restore focus to trigger */}
</div>

Toast/Alert

<div role="alert" aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="true">
  {message}
</div>
// Error: aria-live="assertive"

Focus Management

Roving Tabindex

// Only focused item has tabIndex={0}
{items.map((item, i) => (
  <button
    key={item.id}
    tabIndex={focusedIndex === i ? 0 : -1}
    onKeyDown={(e) => handleArrowKeys(e, i)}
  />
))}

Focus Restoration

// Store trigger before modal opens
const triggerRef = useRef<HTMLElement>(null)
const openModal = (e) => { triggerRef.current = e.currentTarget; setOpen(true) }
const closeModal = () => { setOpen(false); triggerRef.current?.focus() }

Motion Preferences

@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
  *, *::before, *::after {
    animation-duration: 0.01ms !important;
    transition-duration: 0.01ms !important;
  }
}

Validation Workflow

Automated (CI)

# axe-core
npx @axe-core/cli <url> --tags wcag2a,wcag2aa,wcag22aa --exit

# Lighthouse
npx lighthouse <url> --only-categories=accessibility --output=json

# pa11y
npx pa11y <url> --standard WCAG2AA

Manual Checklist

1. Keyboard: Tab through all controls, verify reachability
2. Focus: Confirm visible 2px+ ring on every interactive element
3. Screen reader: Test with NVDA/VoiceOver, verify announcements
4. Zoom: Scale to 200%, verify no content loss
5. Motion: Enable prefers-reduced-motion, verify compliance
6. Contrast: Check text 4.5:1, UI components 3:1
7. Color blindness: Test with vision deficiency emulation

Screen Reader Testing Guide

NVDA (Windows):

1. Press Insert+Space to toggle focus mode
2. Insert+Down to read all
3. H to navigate headings, D for landmarks
4. Verify: role, name, state announced correctly

VoiceOver (macOS):

1. Cmd+F5 to enable
2. VO+A to read all
3. VO+U to open rotor (headings, links, landmarks)
4. Verify: proper navigation, state changes announced

Mobile (TalkBack/VoiceOver):

1. Swipe right to move forward
2. Double-tap to activate
3. Verify: touch targets accessible, gestures work

Testable Assertions Template

## Component: [Name]

### WCAG Compliance
- [ ] SC 1.3.1: Semantic structure
- [ ] SC 2.1.1: Keyboard operable
- [ ] SC 2.4.7: Focus visible
- [ ] SC 4.1.2: Accessible name

### Screen Reader
Expected: "[Role]: [Name], [State]"