Catalog and schema are always user-supplied — never default to any value. If the user hasn't provided them, ask. For any UC write, always create the schema if it doesn't exist before writing data.

Databricks Synthetic Data Generation

Generate realistic, story-driven synthetic data for Databricks using Spark + Faker + Pandas UDFs (strongly recommended).

Data Must Tell a Business Story

Synthetic data should demonstrate how Databricks helps solve real business problems.

The pattern: Something goes wrong → business impact ($) → analyze root cause → identify affected customers → fix and prevent.

Key principles:

• Problem → Impact → Analysis → Solution — Include an incident, anomaly, or issue that causes measurable business impact. The data lets you find the root cause and act on it.
• Industry-relevant but simple — Use domain terms (e.g., "SLA breach", "churn", "stockout") but keep the schema easy to understand. A few tables, clear relationships.
• Business metrics with $ impact — Revenue, MRR, cost, conversion rate. Every story needs a dollar sign to show why it matters.
• Tables explain each other — Ticket spike? Incident table shows the outage. Revenue drop? Churn table shows who left and why. All data connects.
• Actionable insights — Data should answer: What happened? Who's affected? How much did it cost? How do we prevent it?

Why no flat distributions: Uniform data has no story — no spikes, no anomalies, no cohort, no 20/80, no skew, nothing to investigate. It can't show Databricks' value for root cause analysis.

References

When	Guide
User mentions ML model training or complex time patterns	references/1-data-patterns.md — ML-ready data, time multipliers, row coherence
Errors during generation	references/2-troubleshooting.md — Fixing common issues

Critical Rules

1. Data tells a story — Something goes wrong, impacts $, can be analyzed and fixed. Show Databricks value.
2. All data serves the story — Every table and column must be coherent and usable in dashboards or ML models. No orphan data, no random noise — if it doesn't help explain or plot a futur dashboard or predict, don't generate it.
3. Industry terms, simple schema — Use domain-specific vocabulary but keep it easy to understand (few tables, clear relationships)
4. Never uniform distributions — Skewed categories, log-normal amounts, 80/20 patterns. Flat = no story = useless
5. Enough data for trends — ~100K+ rows for main tables so patterns survive aggregation
6. Ask for catalog/schema — Never default, always confirm before generating
7. Present plan for approval — Show tables, distributions, assumptions before writing code
8. Master tables first — Generate parent tables, write to Delta, then create children with valid FKs
9. Use Spark + Faker + Pandas UDFs — Scalable, parallel. Polars only if user explicitly wants local + <30K rows
10. Use Databricks Connect Serverless by default to generate data — Update databricks-connect on python 3.12 if required (avoid using execute_code unless instructed to not use Databricks Connect)
11. No .cache() or .persist() — Not supported on serverless. Write to Delta, read back for joins
12. No Python loops or .collect() — Use Spark parallelism. No driver-side iteration, avoid Pandas↔Spark conversions

Generation Planning Workflow

Before generating any code, you MUST present a plan for user approval.

⚠️ MUST DO: Confirm Catalog Before Proceeding

You MUST explicitly ask the user which catalog to use. Do not assume or proceed without confirmation.

Example prompt to user:

"Which Unity Catalog should I use for this data?"

When presenting your plan, always show the selected catalog prominently:

📍 Output Location: catalog_name.schema_name
   Volume: /Volumes/catalog_name/schema_name/raw_data/

This makes it easy for the user to spot and correct if needed.

Step 1: Gather Requirements

Ask the user about:

• Catalog/Schema — Which catalog to use?
• Domain — E-commerce, support tickets, IoT, financial? (Use industry terms)

If user doesn't specify a story: Propose one. Don't generate bland data — suggest an incident, anomaly, or trend that shows Databricks value (e.g., "I'll include a system outage that causes ticket spike and churn — this lets you demo root cause analysis").

Step 2: Present Plan with Story

Show a clear specification with the business story and your assumptions surfaced:

📍 Output Location: {user_catalog}.support_demo
   Volume: /Volumes/{user_catalog}/support_demo/raw_data/

📖 Story: A payment system outage causes support ticket spike. Resolution times
   degrade, enterprise customers churn, revenue drops $2.3M. With Databricks we
   identify the root cause, affected customers, and prevent future impact.

Table	Description	Rows	Key Assumptions
customers	Customer profiles with tier, MRR	10,000	Enterprise 10% but 60% of revenue
tickets	Support tickets with priority, resolution_time	80,000	Spike during outage, SLA breaches
incidents	System events (outages, deployments)	50	Payment outage mid-month
churn_events	Customer cancellations with reason	500	Spike after poor support experience

Business metrics:

• customers.mrr — Revenue at risk ($)
• tickets.resolution_hours — SLA performance
• churn_events.lost_mrr — Churn impact ($)

The story this data tells:

• Incident table shows payment outage on March 15
• Tickets spike 5x during outage, resolution time degrades from 4h → 18h
• Enterprise customers with SLA breaches churn 3 weeks later
• Total impact: $2.3M lost MRR, traceable to one incident
• Databricks value: Root cause analysis, identify at-risk customers, build alerting

Ask user: "Does this story work? Any adjustments?"

Step 3: Ask About Data Features

• Skew (non-uniform distributions) - Enabled by default
• Joins (referential integrity) - Enabled by default
• Bad data injection (for data quality testing)
• Multi-language text
• Incremental mode (append instead of overwrite)

Pre-Generation Checklist

• Catalog confirmed - User explicitly approved which catalog to use
• Output location shown prominently in plan (easy to spot/change)
• Table specification shown and approved
• Assumptions about distributions confirmed
• User confirmed compute preference (Databricks Connect on serverless recommended)
• Data features selected

Do NOT proceed to code generation until user approves the plan, including the catalog.

Post-Generation Validation

Use databricks experimental aitools tools query to validate generated data (row counts, distributions, referential integrity). Query parquet files directly:

databricks experimental aitools tools query --warehouse $WAREHOUSE_ID "
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM parquet.\`/Volumes/CATALOG/SCHEMA/raw_data/customers\`
"

See references/2-troubleshooting.md for full validation examples.

Use Databricks Connect Spark + Faker Pattern

from databricks.connect import DatabricksSession
from pyspark.sql import functions as F
from pyspark.sql.types import StringType
import pandas as pd

# Setup serverless Spark session
spark = DatabricksSession.builder.serverless(True).getOrCreate()

# Pandas UDF pattern - import lib INSIDE the function (libs must be installed locally)
@F.pandas_udf(StringType())
def fake_name(ids: pd.Series) -> pd.Series:
    from faker import Faker  # Import inside UDF
    fake = Faker()
    return pd.Series([fake.name() for _ in range(len(ids))])

# Generate with spark.range, apply UDFs
customers_df = spark.range(0, 10000, numPartitions=16).select(
    F.concat(F.lit("CUST-"), F.lpad(F.col("id").cast("string"), 5, "0")).alias("customer_id"),
    fake_name(F.col("id")).alias("name"),
)

# Write to Volume as Parquet (default for raw data)
# Path is a folder with table name: /Volumes/catalog/schema/raw_data/customers/
spark.sql(f"CREATE SCHEMA IF NOT EXISTS {CATALOG}.{SCHEMA}")
spark.sql(f"CREATE VOLUME IF NOT EXISTS {CATALOG}.{SCHEMA}.raw_data")
customers_df.write.mode("overwrite").parquet(f"/Volumes/{CATALOG}/{SCHEMA}/raw_data/customers")

Partitions by scale: spark.range(N, numPartitions=P)

• <100K rows: 8 partitions
• 100K-500K: 16 partitions
• 500K-1M: 32 partitions
• 1M+: 64+ partitions

Output formats:

• Parquet to Volume (default): df.write.parquet("/Volumes/.../raw_data/table") — raw data for pipelines
• Delta Table: df.write.saveAsTable("catalog.schema.table") — if user wants queryable tables
• JSON/CSV: small dimension tables, replicate legacy systems

Performance Rules

Generated scripts must be highly performant. Never do these:

Anti-Pattern	Why It's Slow	Do This Instead
Python loops on driver	Single-threaded, no parallelism	Use spark.range() + Spark operations
.collect() then iterate	Brings all data to driver memory	Keep data in Spark, use DataFrame ops
Pandas → Spark → Pandas	Serialization overhead, defeats distribution	Stay in Spark, use pandas_udf only for UDFs
Read/write temp files	Unnecessary I/O	Chain DataFrame transformations
Scalar UDFs	Row-by-row processing	Use pandas_udf for batch processing

Good pattern: spark.range() → Spark transforms → pandas_udf for Faker → write directly

Common Patterns

Weighted Categories (never uniform)

F.when(F.rand() < 0.6, "Free").when(F.rand() < 0.9, "Pro").otherwise("Enterprise")

Log-Normal Amounts (in a pandas UDF)

Use np.random.lognormal(mean, sigma) — always positive, long tail:

• Enterprise: lognormal(7.5, 0.8) → ~$1800 median
• Pro: lognormal(5.5, 0.7) → ~$245 median
• Free: lognormal(4.0, 0.6) → ~$55 median

Date Range (Last 6 Months)

END_DATE = datetime.now()
START_DATE = END_DATE - timedelta(days=180)

Infrastructure (always create in script)

spark.sql(f"CREATE SCHEMA IF NOT EXISTS {CATALOG}.{SCHEMA}")
spark.sql(f"CREATE VOLUME IF NOT EXISTS {CATALOG}.{SCHEMA}.raw_data")

Referential Integrity (FK pattern)

Write master table to Delta first, then read back for FK joins (no .cache() on serverless):

# 1. Write master table
customers_df.write.mode("overwrite").saveAsTable(f"{CATALOG}.{SCHEMA}.customers")

# 2. Read back for FK lookup
customer_lookup = spark.table(f"{CATALOG}.{SCHEMA}.customers").select("customer_idx", "customer_id")

# 3. Generate child table with valid FKs via join
orders_df = spark.range(N_ORDERS).select(
    (F.abs(F.hash(F.col("id"))) % N_CUSTOMERS).alias("customer_idx")
)
orders_with_fk = orders_df.join(customer_lookup, on="customer_idx")

Setup

Requires Python 3.12 and databricks-connect>=16.4. Use uv:

uv pip install "databricks-connect>=16.4,<17.4" faker numpy pandas holidays

Related Skills

• databricks-unity-catalog — Managing catalogs, schemas, and volumes
• databricks-dabs — DABs for production deployment

Common Issues

Issue	Solution
ModuleNotFoundError: faker	Install locally: uv pip install faker, import inside UDF
Faker UDF is slow	Use pandas_udf for batch processing
Out of memory	Increase numPartitions in spark.range()
Referential integrity errors	Write master table to Delta first, read back for FK joins
PERSIST TABLE is not supported on serverless	NEVER use .cache() or .persist() with serverless - write to Delta table first, then read back
F.window vs Window confusion	Use from pyspark.sql.window import Window for row_number(), rank(), etc. F.window is for streaming only.
Broadcast variables not supported	NEVER use spark.sparkContext.broadcast() with serverless

See references/2-troubleshooting.md for full troubleshooting guide.