Debugging and Instruments

Keep interactive graph and Instruments triage here. Route detailed .memgraph command-line ownership/growth analysis and ETTrace work to their focused skills.

Contents

• LLDB Debugging
• Memory Debugging
• Hang Diagnostics
• Build Failure Triage
• Instruments Overview
• Common Mistakes
• Review Checklist
• References

LLDB Debugging

Start with a small, repeatable workflow:

1. Reproduce in a Debug build and stop at the narrowest useful breakpoint.
2. Inspect locals without executing code, then capture the current stack.
3. Move to the relevant frame or thread and verify the failing state.
4. Add a condition or watchpoint only when the bad transition is still unclear.

(lldb) br set -f ViewModel.swift -l 42     # Stop at file and line
(lldb) v myLocal                           # Inspect without executing code
(lldb) po myObject                         # Use debugDescription when needed
(lldb) bt all                              # Capture every thread's backtrace
(lldb) frame select 3                      # Inspect a relevant frame
(lldb) br modify 1 -c "count > 10"         # Narrow a noisy breakpoint
(lldb) w set v self.score                  # Stop on an unexpected write

Use v over po when you only need a local variable value — it does not execute code and cannot trigger side effects. Expression evaluation can execute or mutate program state, and hardware watchpoints are scarce, so use both deliberately.

Load references/lldb-patterns.md for the complete inspection, breakpoint/logpoint, expression, watchpoint, thread navigation, and symbolic-breakpoint command tables.

Memory Debugging

Memory Graph Debugger Workflow

1. Run the app in Debug configuration.
2. Reproduce the suspected leak (navigate to a screen, then back).
3. Tap the Memory Graph button in Xcode's debug bar.
4. Look for purple warning icons — these indicate leaked objects.
5. Select a leaked object to see its reference graph and backtrace.

Enable Malloc Stack Logging (Scheme > Diagnostics) before running so the Memory Graph shows allocation backtraces.

Common Retain Cycle Patterns

Closure capturing self strongly:

// LEAK — closure holds strong reference to self
class ProfileViewModel {
    var onUpdate: (() -> Void)?

    func startObserving() {
        onUpdate = {
            self.refresh()  // strong capture of self
        }
    }
}

// FIXED — use [weak self]
func startObserving() {
    onUpdate = { [weak self] in
        self?.refresh()
    }
}

Strong delegate reference:

// LEAK — strong delegate creates a cycle
protocol DataDelegate: AnyObject {
    func didUpdate()
}

class DataManager {
    var delegate: DataDelegate?  // should be weak
}

// FIXED — weak delegate
class DataManager {
    weak var delegate: DataDelegate?
}

Timer retaining target:

// LEAK — Timer.scheduledTimer retains its target
timer = Timer.scheduledTimer(
    timeInterval: 1.0, target: self,
    selector: #selector(tick), userInfo: nil, repeats: true
)

// FIXED — use closure-based API with [weak self]
timer = Timer.scheduledTimer(withTimeInterval: 1.0, repeats: true) { [weak self] _ in
    self?.tick()
}

Instruments: Allocations and Leaks

• Allocations template: Track memory growth over time. Use the "Mark Generation" feature to isolate allocations created between user actions (e.g., open/close a screen).
• Leaks template: Detects leaked allocations, including isolated retain cycles the process can no longer reach. Run alongside Allocations for a complete picture.
• Filter by your app's module name to exclude system allocations.

For leak or memory-growth triage, pair the tools: use Allocations Mark Generation before and after the reproduction step to prove retained growth, then use Memory Graph Debugger to inspect object ownership and Malloc Stack Logging to recover allocation call stacks.

Malloc Stack Logging

Enable in Scheme > Run > Diagnostics > Malloc Stack Logging. This records allocation backtraces so the Memory Graph Debugger, Allocations instrument, and exported .memgraph files can show where objects were created.

# Inspect an exported memory graph from Xcode or Instruments
leaks MyApp.memgraph

Hang Diagnostics

Identifying Main Thread Hangs

For discrete interactions, delays under 100 ms are rarely noticeable. Apple developer tools commonly report main-run-loop busy periods over 250 ms, but that reporting threshold is not a product target: a few hundred milliseconds can still feel unresponsive. Common detection tools:

• Thread Checker (Xcode Diagnostics): warns about non-main-thread UI calls
• Thread Performance Checker: reports priority inversions while debugging
• On-device Hang Detection: Developer Settings reports hangs from device use
• Time Profiler / CPU Profiler / Hitches: profile reproducible hangs
• os_signpost and OSSignposter: mark intervals for Instruments
• MetricKit hang diagnostics: production hang detection (see metrickit skill for HangDiagnostic and iOS 26 compatibility)

import os

let signposter = OSSignposter(subsystem: "com.example.app", category: "DataLoad")

func loadData() async {
    let state = signposter.beginInterval("loadData")
    let result = await fetchFromNetwork()
    signposter.endInterval("loadData", state)
    process(result)
}

Using the Time Profiler

1. Product > Profile (Cmd+I) to launch Instruments.
2. Select the Time Profiler template.
3. Record while reproducing the slow interaction.
4. Focus on the main thread — sort by "Weight" to find hot paths.
5. Check "Hide System Libraries" to see only your code.
6. Double-click a heavy frame to jump to source.

Common Hang Causes

Cause	Symptom	Fix
Synchronous I/O on main thread	Network/file reads block UI	Move to Task { } or background actor
Lock contention	Main thread waiting on a lock held by background work	Use actors or reduce lock scope
Layout thrashing	Repeated layoutSubviews calls	Batch layout changes, avoid forced layout
JSON parsing large payloads	UI freezes during data load	Parse on a background thread
Synchronous image decoding	Scroll jank on image-heavy lists	Use AsyncImage or decode off main thread

Build Failure Triage

Reading Compiler Diagnostics

• Start from the first error — subsequent errors are often cascading.
• Search for the error code (e.g., error: cannot convert) in the build log.
• Use Report Navigator (Cmd+9) for the full build log with timestamps.

SPM Dependency Resolution

# Common: version conflict
error: Dependencies could not be resolved because root depends on 'Package' 1.0.0..<2.0.0

# Fix: check Package.resolved and update version ranges
# Reset package caches if needed:
rm -rf ~/Library/Caches/org.swift.swiftpm
rm -rf .build
swift package resolve

Module Not Found / Linker Errors

Error	Check
No such module 'Foo'	Target membership, import paths, framework search paths
Undefined symbol	Linking phase missing framework, wrong architecture
duplicate symbol	Two targets define same symbol; check for ObjC naming collisions

Build settings to inspect first:

• FRAMEWORK_SEARCH_PATHS
• OTHER_LDFLAGS
• SWIFT_INCLUDE_PATHS
• BUILD_LIBRARY_FOR_DISTRIBUTION (for XCFrameworks)

Instruments Overview

Template Selection Guide

Template	Use When
Time Profiler	CPU is high, UI feels slow, need to find hot code paths
Allocations	Memory grows over time, need to track object lifetimes
Leaks	Suspect retain cycles or abandoned objects
Network	Inspecting HTTP request/response timing and payloads
SwiftUI	Profiling view body evaluations and update frequency
Animation Hitches / Core Animation instruments	Frame drops, hitches, blending, and commit/render work
Power Profiler	Battery drain, thermal pressure, background energy impact
File Activity	Excessive disk I/O, slow file operations
System Trace	Thread scheduling, syscalls, virtual memory faults

xctrace CLI for CI Profiling

# Record a trace from the command line
xcrun xctrace record --device "My iPhone" \
    --template "Time Profiler" \
    --instrument "Allocations" \
    --output profile.trace \
    --launch -- /path/to/MyApp.app

# Export trace data as XML for automated analysis
xcrun xctrace export --input profile.trace --xpath '/trace-toc/run/data/table'

# List available templates
xcrun xctrace list templates

# List connected devices
xcrun xctrace list devices

Use one --template per recording; add extra instruments with --instrument. Use xctrace in CI pipelines to catch performance regressions automatically. Compare exported metrics between builds.

Common Mistakes

DON'T: Use print() for debugging instead of os.Logger

Use Logger for levels, privacy metadata, and subsystem/category filtering; .debug remains in memory and is not persisted in release builds.

// WRONG — unstructured and not filterable by subsystem/category
print("user tapped button, state: \(viewModel.state)")
print("network response: \(data)")

// CORRECT — structured logging with Logger
import os

let logger = Logger(subsystem: "com.example.app", category: "UI")

logger.debug("Button tapped, state: \(viewModel.state, privacy: .public)")
logger.info("Network response received, bytes: \(data.count)")

DON'T: Forget to enable Malloc Stack Logging before memory debugging

// WRONG — open Memory Graph without enabling Malloc Stack Logging
// Result: leaked objects visible but no allocation backtrace

// CORRECT — enable BEFORE running:
// Scheme > Run > Diagnostics > check "Malloc Stack Logging: All Allocations"
// Then run, reproduce the leak, and open Memory Graph

DON'T: Debug optimized code expecting full variable visibility

// WRONG — profiling with Debug build, debugging with Release build
// Debug builds: extra runtime checks distort perf measurements
// Release builds: variables show as "<optimized out>" in debugger

// CORRECT approach:
// Debugging: use Debug configuration (full symbols, no optimization)
// Profiling: use Release configuration (realistic performance)

DON'T: Stop on every loop iteration without conditional breakpoints

// WRONG — breakpoint on line inside loop, stops 10,000 times
for item in items {
    process(item)  // breakpoint here stops on EVERY item
}

// CORRECT — use a conditional breakpoint:
// (lldb) br set -f MyFile.swift -l 42 -c "item.id == targetID"
// Or in Xcode: right-click breakpoint > Edit > add Condition

DON'T: Ignore Thread Sanitizer warnings

Thread Sanitizer (TSan) warnings indicate data races that may only crash intermittently. Treat them as real bugs unless you have isolated a tool issue.

// WRONG — ignoring TSan warning about concurrent access
var cache: [String: Data] = [:]  // accessed from multiple threads

// CORRECT — protect shared mutable state
actor CacheActor {
    var cache: [String: Data] = [:]

    func get(_ key: String) -> Data? { cache[key] }
    func set(_ key: String, _ value: Data) { cache[key] = value }
}

Enable TSan: Scheme > Run > Diagnostics > Thread Sanitizer. For iOS, iPadOS, tvOS, visionOS, and watchOS apps, run TSan in Simulator; Apple documents device support only for 64-bit macOS apps.

Review Checklist

• Using os.Logger instead of print() for diagnostic output
• Malloc Stack Logging enabled before memory debugging sessions
• Memory Graph Debugger checked after dismiss/dealloc flows
• Delegates declared as weak var to prevent retain cycles
• Closures stored as properties use [weak self] capture lists
• Timers use closure-based API with [weak self]
• Thread Sanitizer enabled in Simulator test schemes for race triage
• No synchronous I/O or heavy computation on the main thread
• Time Profiler run on Release build for performance baselines
• Build failures triaged from the first error in the build log
• OSSignposter used for custom performance intervals
• Conditional breakpoints used for loop/collection debugging

References

• Logging (unified logging system)
• Logger
• OSSignposter
• Generating log messages from your code
• Recording performance data (signposts)
• Diagnosing memory, thread, and crash issues early
• Data races
• Reducing your app's memory use
• Profiling apps using Instruments
• Improving app responsiveness
• Analyzing your app's battery use
• Analyzing the performance of your shipping app
• LLDB command reference: references/lldb-patterns.md
• Instruments template guide: references/instruments-guide.md