Spring AI MCP Server Implementation Patterns

Implements MCP servers with Spring AI for AI function calling, tool handlers, and MCP transport configuration.

Overview

Production-ready MCP server patterns: @Tool functions, @PromptTemplate resources, and stdio/HTTP/SSE transports with Spring AI security.

When to Use

MCP servers, Spring AI function calling, AI tools, tool calling, custom tool handlers, Spring Boot MCP, resource endpoints, or MCP transport configuration.

Quick Reference

Core Annotations

Annotation	Target	Purpose
@EnableMcpServer	Class	Enable MCP server auto-configuration
@Tool(description)	Method	Declare AI-callable tool
@ToolParam(value)	Parameter	Document tool parameter for AI
@PromptTemplate(name)	Method	Declare reusable prompt template
@PromptParam(value)	Parameter	Document prompt parameter

Transport Types

Transport	Use Case	Config
stdio	Local process / Claude Desktop	Default
http	Remote HTTP clients	port, path
sse	Real-time streaming clients	port, path

Key Dependencies

<!-- Maven -->
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.ai</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-ai-mcp-server</artifactId>
    <version>1.0.0</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.ai</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-ai-starter-model-openai</artifactId>
    <version>1.0.0</version>
</dependency>

// Gradle
implementation 'org.springframework.ai:spring-ai-mcp-server:1.0.0'
implementation 'org.springframework.ai:spring-ai-starter-model-openai:1.0.0'

Instructions

1. Project Setup

Add Spring AI MCP dependencies (see Quick Reference above), configure the AI model in application.properties, and enable MCP with @EnableMcpServer:

@SpringBootApplication
@EnableMcpServer
public class MyMcpApplication {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(MyMcpApplication.class, args);
    }
}

spring.ai.openai.api-key=${OPENAI_API_KEY}
spring.ai.mcp.enabled=true
spring.ai.mcp.transport.type=stdio

2. Define Tools

Annotate methods with @Tool inside @Component beans. Use @ToolParam to document parameters:

@Component
public class WeatherTools {

    @Tool(description = "Get current weather for a city")
    public WeatherData getWeather(@ToolParam("City name") String city) {
        return weatherService.getCurrentWeather(city);
    }

    @Tool(description = "Get 5-day forecast for a city")
    public ForecastData getForecast(
            @ToolParam("City name") String city,
            @ToolParam(value = "Unit: celsius or fahrenheit", required = false) String unit) {
        return weatherService.getForecast(city, unit != null ? unit : "celsius");
    }
}

See references/implementation-patterns.md for database tools, API integration tools, and the FunctionCallback low-level pattern.

3. Create Prompt Templates

@Component
public class CodeReviewPrompts {

    @PromptTemplate(
        name = "java-code-review",
        description = "Review Java code for best practices and issues"
    )
    public Prompt createCodeReviewPrompt(
            @PromptParam("code") String code,
            @PromptParam(value = "focusAreas", required = false) List<String> focusAreas) {

        String focus = focusAreas != null ? String.join(", ", focusAreas) : "general best practices";
        return Prompt.builder()
                .system("You are an expert Java code reviewer with 20 years of experience.")
                .user("Review the following Java code for " + focus + ":\n```java\n" + code + "\n```")
                .build();
    }
}

See references/implementation-patterns.md for additional prompt template patterns.

4. Configure Transport

spring:
  ai:
    mcp:
      enabled: true
      transport:
        type: stdio       # stdio | http | sse
        http:
          port: 8080
          path: /mcp
      server:
        name: my-mcp-server
        version: 1.0.0

5. Add Security

@Configuration
public class McpSecurityConfig {

    @Bean
    public ToolFilter toolFilter(SecurityService securityService) {
        return (tool, context) -> {
            User user = securityService.getCurrentUser();
            if (tool.name().startsWith("admin_")) {
                return user.hasRole("ADMIN");
            }
            return securityService.isToolAllowed(user, tool.name());
        };
    }
}

Use @PreAuthorize("hasRole('ADMIN')") on tool methods for method-level security. See references/implementation-patterns.md for full security patterns.

6. Testing

@SpringBootTest
class WeatherToolsTest {

    @Autowired
    private WeatherTools weatherTools;

    @MockBean
    private WeatherService weatherService;

    @Test
    void testGetWeather_Success() {
        when(weatherService.getCurrentWeather("London"))
            .thenReturn(new WeatherData("London", "Cloudy", 15.0));

        WeatherData result = weatherTools.getWeather("London");

        assertThat(result.city()).isEqualTo("London");
        verify(weatherService).getCurrentWeather("London");
    }
}

See references/testing-guide.md for integration tests, Testcontainers, security tests, and slice tests.

Best Practices

Tool Design

• Keep tools focused — one operation per tool
• Use clear, action-oriented names (getWeather, executeQuery)
• Always annotate parameters with @ToolParam and descriptive text
• Return structured records/DTOs, not raw strings or maps
• Design tools to be idempotent when possible

Security

• Validate and sanitize all inputs — AI-generated parameters are untrusted
• Use parameterized queries for SQL; validate and normalize paths for file tools
• Apply @PreAuthorize for role-based access on sensitive tools
• Audit log all data-modifying tool executions
• Never expose credentials or sensitive data in tool descriptions or error messages

Performance

• Use @Cacheable for expensive operations with appropriate TTL
• Set timeouts for all external calls
• Use @Async for long-running operations
• Monitor with Micrometer metrics

Error Handling

• Return structured error responses with user-friendly messages
• Log context (user, tool name, parameters) for debugging
• Implement retry logic for transient failures
• Implement @ControllerAdvice for consistent error responses

Examples

Example 1: Minimal Weather MCP Server

@SpringBootApplication
@EnableMcpServer
public class WeatherMcpApplication {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(WeatherMcpApplication.class, args);
    }
}

@Component
public class WeatherTools {

    @Tool(description = "Get current weather for a city")
    public WeatherData getWeather(@ToolParam("City name") String city) {
        return new WeatherData(city, "Sunny", 22.5);
    }
}

record WeatherData(String city, String condition, double temperatureCelsius) {}

Example 2: Secure Database Tool

@Component
@PreAuthorize("hasRole('USER')")
public class DatabaseTools {

    private final JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate;

    @Tool(description = "Execute a read-only SQL query and return results")
    public QueryResult executeQuery(
            @ToolParam("SQL SELECT query") String sql,
            @ToolParam(value = "Parameters as JSON map", required = false) String paramsJson) {

        if (!sql.trim().toUpperCase().startsWith("SELECT")) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Only SELECT queries are allowed");
        }
        List<Map<String, Object>> rows = jdbcTemplate.queryForList(sql);
        return new QueryResult(rows, rows.size());
    }
}

See references/examples.md for complete examples including file system tools, REST API integration, and prompt template servers.

Constraints and Warnings

Security

• Never expose sensitive data in tool descriptions, parameters, or error messages
• Input validation is mandatory — always validate before executing
• External content is untrusted — tools fetching URLs may receive prompt injection payloads; validate all fetched content
• SQL injection: use parameterized queries exclusively
• Path traversal: normalize and validate all file paths against a base path

Operational

• Responses should be concise — large responses can exceed AI context window limits
• All tools must implement timeouts; default should be configurable
• Rate limit expensive operations
• Tools may be called concurrently — ensure thread safety

Spring AI Specific

• Spring AI is actively developed — pin specific versions in production
• Error messages thrown by tools are exposed to AI models; sanitize them
• Choose transport type carefully: stdio for local processes, http/sse for remote clients

References

Consult these files for detailed patterns and examples:

• references/implementation-patterns.md - Tool creation, prompt templates, FunctionCallback, Spring Boot auto-configuration, application properties
• references/advanced-patterns.md - Dynamic tool registration, multi-model support, caching, error handling
• references/testing-guide.md - Unit tests, integration tests, Testcontainers, security tests, slice tests
• references/examples.md - Complete server examples: weather, database, file system, REST API, prompt templates
• references/api-reference.md - Full API: annotations, interfaces, configuration classes, transport implementations, event system
• references/migration-guide.md - Migrating from LangChain4j MCP to Spring AI MCP