MVVM Pattern for .NET

Trigger On

• implementing UI separation with Model-View-ViewModel
• using MVVM Toolkit (CommunityToolkit.Mvvm) for ViewModels
• designing testable UI architecture
• handling commands, property changes, and messaging
• choosing between MVVM frameworks

Documentation

• MVVM Toolkit Overview
• ObservableObject
• RelayCommand
• Messenger
• Source Generators

References

See detailed examples in the references/ folder:

• patterns.md — ViewModel, command, navigation, and state patterns
• anti-patterns.md — Common mistakes and how to fix them

Core Concepts

Component	Responsibility	Example
Model	Business logic and data	Product, Order, User
View	UI presentation (XAML/Razor)	ProductPage.xaml
ViewModel	UI logic and state	ProductViewModel

Workflow

1. Keep Views dumb — no business logic in code-behind
2. Use data binding — connect View to ViewModel properties
3. Commands for actions — handle user interactions via ICommand
4. Inject dependencies — services go into ViewModel constructors
5. Test ViewModels — they should be unit testable without UI

MVVM Toolkit Setup

<PackageReference Include="CommunityToolkit.Mvvm" Version="8.*" />

ViewModel Patterns

Basic ViewModel with Source Generators

public partial class ProductViewModel(IProductService productService) : ObservableObject
{
    [ObservableProperty]
    private string _name = string.Empty;

    [ObservableProperty]
    private decimal _price;

    [ObservableProperty]
    [NotifyCanExecuteChangedFor(nameof(SaveCommand))]
    private bool _isValid;

    [RelayCommand(CanExecute = nameof(CanSave))]
    private async Task SaveAsync()
    {
        await productService.SaveAsync(new Product { Name = Name, Price = Price });
    }

    private bool CanSave() => IsValid && !string.IsNullOrEmpty(Name);
}

Property Changed Notifications

public partial class OrderViewModel : ObservableObject
{
    [ObservableProperty]
    private int _quantity;

    [ObservableProperty]
    private decimal _unitPrice;

    // Computed property - manually notify
    public decimal Total => Quantity * UnitPrice;

    partial void OnQuantityChanged(int value)
    {
        OnPropertyChanged(nameof(Total));
    }

    partial void OnUnitPriceChanged(decimal value)
    {
        OnPropertyChanged(nameof(Total));
    }
}

Collection ViewModel

public partial class ProductListViewModel(IProductService productService) : ObservableObject
{
    [ObservableProperty]
    private ObservableCollection<ProductViewModel> _products = [];

    [ObservableProperty]
    private ProductViewModel? _selectedProduct;

    [ObservableProperty]
    private bool _isLoading;

    [RelayCommand]
    private async Task LoadProductsAsync()
    {
        IsLoading = true;
        try
        {
            var items = await productService.GetAllAsync();
            Products = new ObservableCollection<ProductViewModel>(
                items.Select(p => new ProductViewModel(productService)
                {
                    Name = p.Name,
                    Price = p.Price
                }));
        }
        finally
        {
            IsLoading = false;
        }
    }

    [RelayCommand]
    private void DeleteProduct(ProductViewModel product)
    {
        Products.Remove(product);
    }
}

Commands

Async Commands with Cancellation

public partial class SearchViewModel : ObservableObject
{
    [ObservableProperty]
    private string _searchText = string.Empty;

    [RelayCommand(IncludeCancelCommand = true)]
    private async Task SearchAsync(CancellationToken token)
    {
        await Task.Delay(500, token); // Debounce
        // Search logic with cancellation support
    }
}

Command with Parameter

public partial class NavigationViewModel : ObservableObject
{
    [RelayCommand]
    private void NavigateTo(string page)
    {
        // Navigate to page
    }

    [RelayCommand]
    private async Task OpenItemAsync(int itemId)
    {
        // Load and open item
    }
}

Messenger Pattern

Sending Messages

// Define message
public record ProductSelectedMessage(Product Product);

// Send from one ViewModel
WeakReferenceMessenger.Default.Send(new ProductSelectedMessage(selectedProduct));

Receiving Messages

public partial class ProductDetailViewModel : ObservableRecipient
{
    public ProductDetailViewModel()
    {
        IsActive = true; // Enable message reception
    }

    protected override void OnActivated()
    {
        Messenger.Register<ProductDetailViewModel, ProductSelectedMessage>(
            this, (r, m) => r.LoadProduct(m.Product));
    }

    private void LoadProduct(Product product)
    {
        // Update UI with product details
    }
}

Validation

Using ObservableValidator

public partial class RegistrationViewModel : ObservableValidator
{
    [ObservableProperty]
    [NotifyDataErrorInfo]
    [Required(ErrorMessage = "Email is required")]
    [EmailAddress(ErrorMessage = "Invalid email format")]
    private string _email = string.Empty;

    [ObservableProperty]
    [NotifyDataErrorInfo]
    [Required]
    [MinLength(8, ErrorMessage = "Password must be at least 8 characters")]
    private string _password = string.Empty;

    [RelayCommand(CanExecute = nameof(CanRegister))]
    private async Task RegisterAsync()
    {
        ValidateAllProperties();
        if (HasErrors) return;

        // Registration logic
    }

    private bool CanRegister() => !HasErrors;
}

Dependency Injection

Registration

// Services
services.AddSingleton<IProductService, ProductService>();
services.AddSingleton<INavigationService, NavigationService>();

// ViewModels
services.AddTransient<ProductListViewModel>();
services.AddTransient<ProductDetailViewModel>();

// Views (for View-first navigation)
services.AddTransient<ProductListPage>();
services.AddTransient<ProductDetailPage>();

ViewModel Locator Pattern

public class ViewModelLocator
{
    private static IServiceProvider _provider = null!;

    public static void Initialize(IServiceProvider provider) => _provider = provider;

    public ProductListViewModel ProductList => _provider.GetRequiredService<ProductListViewModel>();
    public ProductDetailViewModel ProductDetail => _provider.GetRequiredService<ProductDetailViewModel>();
}

View Binding

XAML Binding

<Page x:Class="MyApp.Views.ProductListPage"
      xmlns:vm="using:MyApp.ViewModels"
      x:DataType="vm:ProductListViewModel">

    <Grid>
        <ProgressRing IsActive="{x:Bind ViewModel.IsLoading, Mode=OneWay}"
                      Visibility="{x:Bind ViewModel.IsLoading, Mode=OneWay}" />

        <ListView ItemsSource="{x:Bind ViewModel.Products, Mode=OneWay}"
                  SelectedItem="{x:Bind ViewModel.SelectedProduct, Mode=TwoWay}">
            <ListView.ItemTemplate>
                <DataTemplate x:DataType="vm:ProductViewModel">
                    <StackPanel>
                        <TextBlock Text="{x:Bind Name, Mode=OneWay}" />
                        <TextBlock Text="{x:Bind Price, Mode=OneWay}" />
                    </StackPanel>
                </DataTemplate>
            </ListView.ItemTemplate>
        </ListView>

        <Button Content="Load"
                Command="{x:Bind ViewModel.LoadProductsCommand}" />
    </Grid>
</Page>

Anti-Patterns to Avoid

Anti-Pattern	Why It's Bad	Better Approach
Logic in code-behind	Not testable	Move to ViewModel
ViewModel knows View	Tight coupling	Use interfaces/messaging
Manual INotifyPropertyChanged	Verbose, error-prone	Use source generators
God ViewModel	Unmaintainable	Split responsibilities
Direct service calls in View	Violates separation	Go through ViewModel
Exposing Model directly	Leaks implementation	Create ViewModel properties

Testing ViewModels

public class ProductViewModelTests
{
    [Fact]
    public async Task LoadProducts_PopulatesCollection()
    {
        // Arrange
        var mockService = new Mock<IProductService>();
        mockService.Setup(s => s.GetAllAsync())
            .ReturnsAsync([new Product { Name = "Test", Price = 10 }]);

        var viewModel = new ProductListViewModel(mockService.Object);

        // Act
        await viewModel.LoadProductsCommand.ExecuteAsync(null);

        // Assert
        Assert.Single(viewModel.Products);
        Assert.Equal("Test", viewModel.Products[0].Name);
    }

    [Fact]
    public void SaveCommand_CannotExecute_WhenInvalid()
    {
        var viewModel = new ProductViewModel(Mock.Of<IProductService>())
        {
            Name = "",
            IsValid = false
        };

        Assert.False(viewModel.SaveCommand.CanExecute(null));
    }
}

Framework Comparison

Feature	MVVM Toolkit	Prism	MVVMLight
Source generators	Yes	No	No
Maintenance	Active	Active	Deprecated
DI built-in	No	Yes	No
Navigation	No	Yes	No
Weight	Light	Heavy	Light

Deliver

• ViewModels that are fully unit testable
• Clean separation between UI and business logic
• Proper use of commands and data binding
• Messaging for loose coupling between components

Validate

• No business logic in code-behind files
• ViewModels don't reference View types
• Commands are used for all user actions
• Properties use ObservableProperty or equivalent
• Dependencies are injected, not created
• Unit tests cover ViewModel logic