Saga Pattern Knowledge Base

Quick reference for Saga pattern and PHP implementation guidelines for distributed transactions.

Core Principles

Saga Pattern Overview

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                         SAGA PATTERN                                     │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│                                                                          │
│   CHOREOGRAPHY (Event-driven)                                            │
│   ┌─────────┐    event    ┌─────────┐    event    ┌─────────┐           │
│   │ Service │───────────▶ │ Service │───────────▶ │ Service │           │
│   │    A    │             │    B    │             │    C    │           │
│   └─────────┘             └─────────┘             └─────────┘           │
│        │                       │                       │                │
│        └───────── compensate ──┴─── compensate ────────┘                │
│                                                                          │
│   ORCHESTRATION (Central coordinator)                                    │
│                    ┌───────────────┐                                    │
│                    │  Saga         │                                    │
│                    │  Orchestrator │                                    │
│                    └───────┬───────┘                                    │
│              ┌─────────────┼─────────────┐                              │
│              ▼             ▼             ▼                              │
│        ┌─────────┐   ┌─────────┐   ┌─────────┐                          │
│        │ Service │   │ Service │   │ Service │                          │
│        │    A    │   │    B    │   │    C    │                          │
│        └─────────┘   └─────────┘   └─────────┘                          │
│                                                                          │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│                                                                          │
│   Saga = Sequence of local transactions + compensating actions           │
│                                                                          │
│   T1 → T2 → T3 → ... → Tn                                               │
│    ↓    ↓    ↓          ↓                                               │
│   C1   C2   C3        Cn                                                │
│                                                                          │
│   If Ti fails: execute Ci-1, Ci-2, ..., C1 (reverse order)              │
│                                                                          │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Key Concepts

Concept	Description
Saga	Sequence of local transactions with compensations
Step	Single local transaction within saga
Compensating Action	Undoes the effect of a previous step
Orchestrator	Central coordinator managing saga execution
Choreography	Decentralized, event-driven saga coordination
Saga State	Current execution status (enum)
Idempotency	Steps can be retried safely
Semantic Lock	Prevents concurrent saga conflicts

Choreography vs Orchestration

Aspect	Choreography	Orchestration
Coordination	Decentralized (events)	Centralized (orchestrator)
Coupling	Loose	Tighter to orchestrator
Visibility	Distributed (hard to trace)	Centralized (easy to monitor)
Complexity	Simpler services	Simpler overall flow
Testing	Harder (distributed)	Easier (centralized logic)
Best for	Simple sagas (2-3 steps)	Complex sagas (4+ steps)

Quick Checklists

Saga Design Checklist

• Each step is a local transaction
• Every step has compensating action
• Compensations are idempotent
• Forward actions are idempotent
• Saga state is persisted
• Failure handling defined for each step
• Timeout handling for long-running steps

Orchestrator Checklist

• State machine for saga lifecycle
• Persistent saga state storage
• Step execution tracking
• Compensation ordering (reverse)
• Retry logic with limits
• Dead letter for failed sagas
• Correlation ID propagation

Compensation Checklist

• Semantic undo (not rollback)
• Handles partial completion
• Idempotent (can run multiple times)
• Doesn't fail silently
• Logs compensation actions
• Eventual consistency acceptable

PHP 8.5 Saga Patterns

Saga State Enum

<?php

declare(strict_types=1);

namespace Domain\Shared\Saga;

enum SagaState: string
{
    case Pending = 'pending';
    case Running = 'running';
    case Compensating = 'compensating';
    case Completed = 'completed';
    case Failed = 'failed';
    case CompensationFailed = 'compensation_failed';

    public function canTransitionTo(self $next): bool
    {
        return match ($this) {
            self::Pending => $next === self::Running,
            self::Running => in_array($next, [self::Completed, self::Compensating], true),
            self::Compensating => in_array($next, [self::Failed, self::CompensationFailed], true),
            self::Completed, self::Failed, self::CompensationFailed => false,
        };
    }

    public function isTerminal(): bool
    {
        return in_array($this, [self::Completed, self::Failed, self::CompensationFailed], true);
    }
}

Saga Step Interface

<?php

declare(strict_types=1);

namespace Domain\Shared\Saga;

interface SagaStepInterface
{
    public function name(): string;

    public function execute(SagaContext $context): StepResult;

    public function compensate(SagaContext $context): StepResult;

    public function isIdempotent(): bool;
}

Saga Context

<?php

declare(strict_types=1);

namespace Domain\Shared\Saga;

final class SagaContext
{
    /** @var array<string, mixed> */
    private array $data = [];

    public function __construct(
        public readonly string $sagaId,
        public readonly string $correlationId,
        public readonly \DateTimeImmutable $startedAt
    ) {}

    public function set(string $key, mixed $value): void
    {
        $this->data[$key] = $value;
    }

    public function get(string $key, mixed $default = null): mixed
    {
        return $this->data[$key] ?? $default;
    }

    public function has(string $key): bool
    {
        return array_key_exists($key, $this->data);
    }

    public function all(): array
    {
        return $this->data;
    }
}

Saga Orchestrator

<?php

declare(strict_types=1);

namespace Application\Shared\Saga;

use Domain\Shared\Saga\SagaContext;
use Domain\Shared\Saga\SagaState;
use Domain\Shared\Saga\SagaStepInterface;
use Domain\Shared\Saga\StepResult;

final class SagaOrchestrator
{
    /** @var array<SagaStepInterface> */
    private array $steps = [];

    /** @var array<string> */
    private array $completedSteps = [];

    private SagaState $state = SagaState::Pending;

    public function __construct(
        private readonly SagaContext $context,
        private readonly SagaPersistenceInterface $persistence
    ) {}

    public function addStep(SagaStepInterface $step): self
    {
        $this->steps[] = $step;
        return $this;
    }

    public function execute(): SagaResult
    {
        $this->state = SagaState::Running;
        $this->persistence->save($this->context->sagaId, $this->state, []);

        foreach ($this->steps as $step) {
            $result = $step->execute($this->context);

            if ($result->isFailure()) {
                return $this->compensate($step->name(), $result->error());
            }

            $this->completedSteps[] = $step->name();
            $this->persistence->save(
                $this->context->sagaId,
                $this->state,
                $this->completedSteps
            );
        }

        $this->state = SagaState::Completed;
        $this->persistence->save($this->context->sagaId, $this->state, $this->completedSteps);

        return SagaResult::completed($this->context);
    }

    private function compensate(string $failedStep, string $error): SagaResult
    {
        $this->state = SagaState::Compensating;
        $this->persistence->save($this->context->sagaId, $this->state, $this->completedSteps);

        $stepsToCompensate = array_reverse($this->completedSteps);

        foreach ($stepsToCompensate as $stepName) {
            $step = $this->findStep($stepName);
            $result = $step->compensate($this->context);

            if ($result->isFailure()) {
                $this->state = SagaState::CompensationFailed;
                $this->persistence->save($this->context->sagaId, $this->state, $this->completedSteps);

                return SagaResult::compensationFailed($this->context, $error, $result->error());
            }
        }

        $this->state = SagaState::Failed;
        $this->persistence->save($this->context->sagaId, $this->state, $this->completedSteps);

        return SagaResult::failed($this->context, $error);
    }

    private function findStep(string $name): SagaStepInterface
    {
        foreach ($this->steps as $step) {
            if ($step->name() === $name) {
                return $step;
            }
        }
        throw new \RuntimeException("Step not found: {$name}");
    }
}

Common Violations Quick Reference

Violation	Where to Look	Severity
Missing compensation	Saga step without compensate()	Critical
Non-idempotent steps	Retry causes duplicate effects	Critical
No saga state persistence	State lost on crash	Critical
Synchronous distributed tx	Two-phase commit attempt	Critical
Forward-only saga	No compensation at all	Warning
Missing correlation ID	Can't trace saga execution	Warning
No timeout handling	Saga hangs forever	Warning
Compensation order wrong	Not reversed	Warning

Detection Patterns

# Find saga implementations
Glob: **/Saga/**/*.php
Glob: **/*Saga.php
Grep: "SagaStep|SagaOrchestrator|Saga.*Interface" --glob "**/*.php"

# Check for saga state management
Grep: "SagaState|saga_state|enum.*Saga" --glob "**/*.php"

# Find compensating actions
Grep: "compensate|compensation|rollback.*step" --glob "**/Saga/**/*.php"

# Detect missing compensations
Grep: "implements.*SagaStep" --glob "**/*.php"
# Then check each for compensate() method

# Find choreography events
Grep: "SagaEvent|SagaCompleted|SagaFailed" --glob "**/Event/**/*.php"

# Check for saga persistence
Grep: "SagaPersistence|SagaRepository|saga.*save" --glob "**/*.php"

# Find potential issues
Grep: "Transaction.*begin.*Transaction" --glob "**/*.php"  # Distributed tx attempt

Example: Order Saga

Order Saga: Reserve Inventory → Charge Payment → Ship Order

Step 1: Reserve Inventory
  - Action: Decrement stock
  - Compensation: Release stock (increment)

Step 2: Charge Payment
  - Action: Charge credit card
  - Compensation: Refund charge

Step 3: Ship Order
  - Action: Create shipment
  - Compensation: Cancel shipment

If Step 2 fails:
  1. Compensate Step 1 (release inventory)
  2. Mark saga as Failed

References

For detailed information, load these reference files:

• references/saga-patterns.md — Choreography and orchestration patterns
• references/compensation.md — Compensating transaction strategies
• references/antipatterns.md — Common violations with detection patterns
• references/php-specific.md — PHP 8.5 specific implementations

Assets

• assets/report-template.md — Structured audit report template