Blender Lighting

Light scenes the way pros do: with structure, intent, and physically reasonable values.

The five light types

Type	Behavior	Use for
AREA	Light from a rectangular surface; soft shadows automatic	80% of cases. Window, softbox, fluorescent panel
SUN	Parallel rays from "infinity"	Sunlight, moonlight, distant directional
POINT	Omnidirectional from a point	Bulbs, candles, small omnis
SPOT	Cone with falloff	Stage lights, headlights, focused beams
HDRI/World	360° environment image	Realistic ambient, outdoor, product photography

Default rule: Use Area lights for almost everything except the sun. Soft shadows come for free.

Decision tree

What's the mood?
├── Studio / commercial → Three-point lighting (key+fill+rim) + HDRI fill 0.3
├── Outdoor / sunlit → Sun + HDRI sky environment
├── Indoor cinematic → Sun through window + HDRI low + practicals (lamps as Point)
├── Dramatic / noir → Single Spot at high angle, no fill
├── Stylized / cartoon → Three-point with high contrast + saturated key color
└── Unsure → Three-point with HDRI grounding (works for 90% of cases)

Reference-look handoff

If the goal is to match an original/reference image rather than make a generally attractive render, chain-load reference-look-calibration. It owns measurement of hue/saturation/value, object extent, glow/aura color, and before/after look metrics. This skill should then apply the requested material/lighting/render changes within that calibrated target.

Recipes

Helper: aim_at(light, target) — required for subject-aware lighting

Recipe 1 below positions lights at fixed world coords with hardcoded rotations. That's fine for a generic 1m subject at the world origin. For ANY other subject (small jewellery, tall sword, sprawling building), you need lights aimed at the subject. Use this helper:

from mathutils import Vector

def aim_at(light_obj, target):
    """Aim a light at a world-space target.
    target may be a Vector or a tuple/list (x, y, z) or a Blender object.
    """
    target_pos = Vector(target.location) if hasattr(target, 'location') else Vector(target)
    direction = (target_pos - light_obj.location).normalized()
    light_obj.rotation_euler = direction.to_track_quat('-Z', 'Y').to_euler()

Helper: scene-aware light positioning

from mathutils import Vector

def compute_scene_bbox_center(meshes):
    """Average bbox center over a list of mesh objects (world space)."""
    import bpy
    deps = bpy.context.evaluated_depsgraph_get()
    all_verts = []
    for o in meshes:
        eval_obj = o.evaluated_get(deps)
        em = eval_obj.to_mesh()
        for v in em.vertices:
            all_verts.append(o.matrix_world @ v.co)
        eval_obj.to_mesh_clear()
    xs = [v.x for v in all_verts]
    ys = [v.y for v in all_verts]
    zs = [v.z for v in all_verts]
    center = Vector(((min(xs)+max(xs))/2, (min(ys)+max(ys))/2, (min(zs)+max(zs))/2))
    extent = max(max(xs)-min(xs), max(ys)-min(ys), max(zs)-min(zs))
    return center, extent

Recipe 0a — Subject-CLASS-aware three-point lighting (use this for orchestrator E2E)

Generic three-point lighting (Recipe 0b below) places lights at fixed energy ratios. That works for opaque subjects (chair, sword) but breaks for glass (rim washes out volume tint) and is too cool for wood (loses warmth).

Pass a subject_class hint to tune the setup:

Class	Key:Fill:Rim ratio	Key color temp	Reason
'metal'	4:1:2 (default)	warm 3200K	Standard 3-point reads metallic well
'glass'	3:1:1.2	neutral 5500K	Soft rim — strong rim WASHES OUT volume tint; brighter fill so transmission shows colour
'wood'	4:1:1.5	warm 3000K	Warmer key brings out wood tones; less rim (wood doesn't need silhouette boost)
'fabric'	3:1:0.5	neutral 5500K	Soft and balanced; sheen reads in fill light
'skin'	4:1:1	warm 3500K	Warm key for healthy tone; subtle rim (avoids harsh edges on faces)
'product'	5:1:1.5	neutral 5000K	Higher contrast; commercial/clean look
(unspecified)	falls back to Recipe 0b (default)	warm 3200K

import bpy, math
from mathutils import Vector

def aim_at(light_obj, target):
    target_pos = Vector(target.location) if hasattr(target, 'location') else Vector(target)
    direction = (target_pos - light_obj.location).normalized()
    light_obj.rotation_euler = direction.to_track_quat('-Z', 'Y').to_euler()

def apply_three_point(subject_class='metal'):
    """Configure 3-point lighting with subject-class-aware ratios.

    subject_class: 'metal' | 'glass' | 'wood' | 'fabric' | 'skin' | 'product' | 'metal' (default)
    """
    profiles = {
        'metal':   dict(ratio=(4.0, 1.0, 2.0), key_color=(1.0, 0.95, 0.85), fill_color=(0.85, 0.9, 1.0), rim_color=(0.7, 0.85, 1.0)),
        'glass':   dict(ratio=(3.0, 1.0, 1.2), key_color=(1.0, 0.98, 0.95), fill_color=(0.95, 0.95, 1.0), rim_color=(0.95, 0.95, 1.0)),
        'wood':    dict(ratio=(4.0, 1.0, 1.5), key_color=(1.0, 0.92, 0.78), fill_color=(0.95, 0.95, 1.0), rim_color=(0.85, 0.92, 1.0)),
        'fabric':  dict(ratio=(3.0, 1.0, 0.5), key_color=(1.0, 0.97, 0.92), fill_color=(0.92, 0.95, 1.0), rim_color=(0.95, 0.95, 1.0)),
        'skin':    dict(ratio=(4.0, 1.0, 1.0), key_color=(1.0, 0.93, 0.82), fill_color=(0.95, 0.96, 1.0), rim_color=(0.92, 0.92, 1.0)),
        'product': dict(ratio=(5.0, 1.0, 1.5), key_color=(1.0, 0.98, 0.95), fill_color=(0.98, 0.98, 1.0), rim_color=(0.98, 0.98, 1.0)),
    }
    p = profiles.get(subject_class, profiles['metal'])

    # Compute scene bbox
    subject_meshes = [o for o in bpy.data.objects if o.type == 'MESH' and o.name.startswith('GEO-')]
    deps = bpy.context.evaluated_depsgraph_get()
    all_verts = []
    for o in subject_meshes:
        eo = o.evaluated_get(deps); em = eo.to_mesh()
        for v in em.vertices: all_verts.append(o.matrix_world @ v.co)
        eo.to_mesh_clear()
    xs = [v.x for v in all_verts]; ys = [v.y for v in all_verts]; zs = [v.z for v in all_verts]
    center = Vector(((min(xs)+max(xs))/2, (min(ys)+max(ys))/2, (min(zs)+max(zs))/2))
    biggest = max(max(zs)-min(zs), max(xs)-min(xs))
    light_dist = max(biggest * 1.5, 1.0)

    # Energy scales with distance²
    base_energy = 100 * (light_dist / 1.5) ** 2
    key_e, fill_e, rim_e = (base_energy * r for r in p['ratio'])

    # Remove existing lights
    for o in list(bpy.data.objects):
        if o.type == 'LIGHT' and (o.name.startswith('LGT-key') or o.name.startswith('LGT-fill') or o.name.startswith('LGT-rim')):
            bpy.data.objects.remove(o, do_unlink=True)

    # KEY (warm, front-right above)
    key = bpy.data.objects.new('LGT-key', bpy.data.lights.new('LGT-key', type='AREA'))
    key.data.energy = key_e; key.data.size = 0.5; key.data.color = p['key_color']
    bpy.context.collection.objects.link(key)
    key.location = (center.x + light_dist*0.7, center.y - light_dist*0.7, center.z + light_dist*0.5)
    aim_at(key, center)

    # FILL (cool, opposite, weaker)
    fill = bpy.data.objects.new('LGT-fill', bpy.data.lights.new('LGT-fill', type='AREA'))
    fill.data.energy = fill_e; fill.data.size = 1.0; fill.data.color = p['fill_color']
    bpy.context.collection.objects.link(fill)
    fill.location = (center.x - light_dist*0.7, center.y - light_dist*0.5, center.z + light_dist*0.3)
    aim_at(fill, center)

    # RIM
    rim_type = 'AREA' if subject_class == 'glass' else 'SPOT'
    rim = bpy.data.objects.new('LGT-rim', bpy.data.lights.new('LGT-rim', type=rim_type))
    rim.data.energy = rim_e; rim.data.color = p['rim_color']
    if rim_type == 'AREA':
        rim.data.size = 1.5   # larger soft-source for glass
    else:
        rim.data.spot_size = math.radians(50)
    bpy.context.collection.objects.link(rim)
    rim.location = (center.x, center.y + light_dist, center.z + light_dist*0.5)
    aim_at(rim, center)

    print(f"lighting:{subject_class} key:fill:rim={p['ratio']} dist={light_dist:.2f}m")

# Usage:
# apply_three_point('glass')   # for the wine bottle
# apply_three_point('wood')    # for the chair
# apply_three_point('metal')   # for the sword (or omit; 'metal' is default)

Recipe 0b — Three-point lighting aimed at a subject (generic, no class hint)

Use this instead of Recipe 1 when you have a specific subject but the class doesn't matter. Lights are placed proportionally to the subject's largest dimension.

import bpy, math
from mathutils import Vector

def aim_at(light_obj, target):
    target_pos = Vector(target.location) if hasattr(target, 'location') else Vector(target)
    direction = (target_pos - light_obj.location).normalized()
    light_obj.rotation_euler = direction.to_track_quat('-Z', 'Y').to_euler()

# Determine subject and its scale
subject_meshes = [o for o in bpy.data.objects if o.type == 'MESH' and o.name.startswith('GEO-')]
deps = bpy.context.evaluated_depsgraph_get()
all_verts = []
for o in subject_meshes:
    eo = o.evaluated_get(deps); em = eo.to_mesh()
    for v in em.vertices:
        all_verts.append(o.matrix_world @ v.co)
    eo.to_mesh_clear()
xs = [v.x for v in all_verts]; ys = [v.y for v in all_verts]; zs = [v.z for v in all_verts]
center = Vector(((min(xs)+max(xs))/2, (min(ys)+max(ys))/2, (min(zs)+max(zs))/2))
extent = max(max(xs)-min(xs), max(ys)-min(ys), max(zs)-min(zs))
light_dist = max(extent * 1.5, 1.0)

# Energy values scale roughly inversely with squared distance from subject — recipe targets
# physically reasonable values for a ~1m subject at ~1.5m light distance.
key_energy = 100 * (light_dist / 1.5) ** 2
fill_energy = key_energy * 0.3
rim_energy = key_energy * 0.8

# KEY (warm, front-right above)
key = bpy.data.objects.new('LGT-key', bpy.data.lights.new('LGT-key', type='AREA'))
key.data.energy = key_energy; key.data.size = 0.5; key.data.color = (1.0, 0.95, 0.85)
bpy.context.collection.objects.link(key)
key.location = (center.x + light_dist * 0.7, center.y - light_dist * 0.7, center.z + light_dist * 0.5)
aim_at(key, center)

# FILL (cool, opposite, weaker)
fill = bpy.data.objects.new('LGT-fill', bpy.data.lights.new('LGT-fill', type='AREA'))
fill.data.energy = fill_energy; fill.data.size = 1.0; fill.data.color = (0.85, 0.9, 1.0)
bpy.context.collection.objects.link(fill)
fill.location = (center.x - light_dist * 0.7, center.y - light_dist * 0.5, center.z + light_dist * 0.3)
aim_at(fill, center)

# RIM (cool, behind, separates subject from BG)
rim = bpy.data.objects.new('LGT-rim', bpy.data.lights.new('LGT-rim', type='SPOT'))
rim.data.energy = rim_energy; rim.data.color = (0.7, 0.85, 1.0); rim.data.spot_size = math.radians(50)
bpy.context.collection.objects.link(rim)
rim.location = (center.x, center.y + light_dist, center.z + light_dist * 0.5)
aim_at(rim, center)

print(f'lighting:three_point_aimed center={tuple(round(v,2) for v in center)} extent={extent:.2f}m dist={light_dist:.2f}m')

Recipe 0c — Practical lighting (scene contains its own emissive light source)

When the subject IS or CONTAINS a light source — desk lamp with bulb, candle with flame, monitor with glowing screen, neon sign — the scene needs a different setup:

1. Make the world background dark (Strength 0.10–0.20). Otherwise the bulb's contribution is drowned out by ambient.
2. Reduce or remove the standard 3-point fill/rim. The practical light should dominate.
3. Keep a subtle ambient fill (8-15W Area light from camera direction) so the lamp body itself is visible — pure practical-only renders make the lamp shape silhouette into shadow.
4. Tune emission strength HIGH for small mesh emitters (see blender-materials Recipe 11b — bulb spheres need Strength 800-3000 to read like real bulbs).
5. Cycles max_bounces ≥ 16 for proper interior-shade lighting — the bulb's light needs to bounce inside the shade and out through the opening.

import bpy
from mathutils import Vector

def aim_at(light_obj, target):
    target_pos = Vector(target.location) if hasattr(target, 'location') else Vector(target)
    direction = (target_pos - light_obj.location).normalized()
    light_obj.rotation_euler = direction.to_track_quat('-Z', 'Y').to_euler()

# Dim world (let the practical dominate)
world = bpy.context.scene.world
world.use_nodes = True
nodes = world.node_tree.nodes
for n in list(nodes): nodes.remove(n)
output = nodes.new('ShaderNodeOutputWorld')
bg = nodes.new('ShaderNodeBackground')
bg.inputs['Color'].default_value = (0.02, 0.02, 0.03, 1.0)
bg.inputs['Strength'].default_value = 0.15
world.node_tree.links.new(bg.outputs['Background'], output.inputs['Surface'])

# Single subtle ambient fill from camera direction
fill = bpy.data.objects.new('LGT-ambient_fill', bpy.data.lights.new('LGT-ambient_fill', type='AREA'))
fill.data.energy = 8; fill.data.size = 1.0; fill.data.color = (0.85, 0.9, 1.0)
bpy.context.collection.objects.link(fill)
fill.location = (0.5, -0.8, 0.5)
aim_at(fill, Vector((0, 0, 0.3)))

# Cycles bounces
scene = bpy.context.scene
scene.cycles.max_bounces = 16
print('lighting:practical_setup')

The practical light's emission shader (mesh-emissive bulb / candle flame / etc.) handles the rest. Scene appears like real photography of an illuminated subject — dark surroundings, warm pool of light from the practical, subject silhouette gently filled.

Validation proof: see text-to-blender/assets/v1.1.0-validation/desk_lamp_emission.webp for what this setup produces (desk lamp with visible bulb glow, warm light pool on desk surface, lamp body visible against the dark scene).

Recipe 1 — Three-point lighting (the canonical setup)

import bpy, math

# KEY LIGHT (warm, front-right)
key_data = bpy.data.lights.new('LGT-key', type='AREA')
key_data.energy = 1000
key_data.size = 1.0
key_data.color = (1.0, 0.95, 0.85)  # warm tungsten ~3200K
key = bpy.data.objects.new('LGT-key', key_data)
bpy.context.collection.objects.link(key)
key.location = (3, -3, 3.5)
key.rotation_euler = (math.radians(35), math.radians(45), 0)

# FILL LIGHT (cool, front-left, weaker)
fill_data = bpy.data.lights.new('LGT-fill', type='AREA')
fill_data.energy = 300
fill_data.size = 2.0
fill_data.color = (0.85, 0.9, 1.0)  # cool sky ~6500K
fill = bpy.data.objects.new('LGT-fill', fill_data)
bpy.context.collection.objects.link(fill)
fill.location = (-3, -2, 2.5)
fill.rotation_euler = (math.radians(50), math.radians(-45), 0)

# BACK / RIM LIGHT (cool, behind subject)
rim_data = bpy.data.lights.new('LGT-rim', type='SPOT')
rim_data.energy = 600
rim_data.spot_size = math.radians(40)
rim_data.color = (0.7, 0.85, 1.0)
rim = bpy.data.objects.new('LGT-rim', rim_data)
bpy.context.collection.objects.link(rim)
rim.location = (0, 4, 3.0)
rim.rotation_euler = (math.radians(120), 0, math.radians(180))

print('lighting:three_point')

Standard ratios:

• High-key (commercial): Key:Fill = 2:1
• Medium (portrait): 4:1
• Low-key (dramatic): 8:1+
• Rim: 50–100% of key

Recipe 2 — HDRI environment

import bpy

world = bpy.context.scene.world
world.use_nodes = True
nodes = world.node_tree.nodes
links = world.node_tree.links

# Wipe existing world nodes
for n in list(nodes):
    nodes.remove(n)

# Output → Background ← Environment Texture ← Mapping ← Texture Coordinate
output = nodes.new('ShaderNodeOutputWorld'); output.location = (300, 0)
bg = nodes.new('ShaderNodeBackground'); bg.location = (100, 0)
bg.inputs['Strength'].default_value = 1.0

env = nodes.new('ShaderNodeTexEnvironment'); env.location = (-100, 0)
env.image = bpy.data.images.load('/path/to/your.hdr')   # ← user provides path

mapping = nodes.new('ShaderNodeMapping'); mapping.location = (-300, 0)
tex_coord = nodes.new('ShaderNodeTexCoord'); tex_coord.location = (-500, 0)

links.new(tex_coord.outputs['Generated'], mapping.inputs['Vector'])
links.new(mapping.outputs['Vector'], env.inputs['Vector'])
links.new(env.outputs['Color'], bg.inputs['Color'])
links.new(bg.outputs['Background'], output.inputs['Surface'])
print('lighting:hdri')

Pro source: free HDRIs at polyhaven.com/hdris (CC0).

Recipe 3 — Sunny outdoor

import bpy, math

sun_data = bpy.data.lights.new('LGT-sun', type='SUN')
sun_data.energy = 5.0
sun_data.color = (1.0, 0.95, 0.8)  # golden hour
sun_data.angle = math.radians(0.5)  # realistic sun size; bigger = softer
sun = bpy.data.objects.new('LGT-sun', sun_data)
bpy.context.collection.objects.link(sun)
sun.location = (0, 0, 10)
sun.rotation_euler = (math.radians(45), math.radians(15), 0)
print('lighting:outdoor_sun')

Combine with HDRI sky environment (Recipe 2) for natural ambient fill.

Recipe 4 — Indoor window light

import bpy, math

# Sun coming through window — cool blue, sharp
sun_data = bpy.data.lights.new('LGT-window_sun', type='SUN')
sun_data.energy = 3.0
sun_data.color = (0.85, 0.9, 1.0)
sun_data.angle = math.radians(2.0)  # softer than direct sun
sun = bpy.data.objects.new('LGT-window_sun', sun_data)
bpy.context.collection.objects.link(sun)
sun.location = (5, -3, 4)
sun.rotation_euler = (math.radians(60), math.radians(-30), 0)

# Practical lamp — warm point light
lamp_data = bpy.data.lights.new('LGT-lamp', type='POINT')
lamp_data.energy = 60
lamp_data.color = (1.0, 0.7, 0.4)  # warm bulb
lamp = bpy.data.objects.new('LGT-lamp', lamp_data)
bpy.context.collection.objects.link(lamp)
lamp.location = (-1, 2, 1.5)
print('lighting:indoor_window')

Recipe 5 — Dramatic single-source

import bpy, math

spot_data = bpy.data.lights.new('LGT-drama', type='SPOT')
spot_data.energy = 800
spot_data.spot_size = math.radians(30)
spot_data.spot_blend = 0.3
spot_data.color = (1.0, 0.95, 0.85)
spot = bpy.data.objects.new('LGT-drama', spot_data)
bpy.context.collection.objects.link(spot)
spot.location = (2, -2, 6)
spot.rotation_euler = (math.radians(60), 0, 0)
print('lighting:dramatic')

For full noir: pair with strong volumetrics (atmosphere) — see references/overview.md for the volumetric setup.

Recipe 6 — Color-temperature cheat sheet

Source	RGB
Candle (1850K)	(1.0, 0.6, 0.3)
Tungsten (3200K)	(1.0, 0.85, 0.6)
LED warm (3000K)	(1.0, 0.8, 0.6)
Sunset / golden (3500K)	(1.0, 0.85, 0.65)
Daylight noon (5500K)	(1.0, 1.0, 1.0)
Overcast sky (6500K)	(0.95, 0.95, 1.0)
Blue hour (8000K)	(0.8, 0.9, 1.0)

Pro mix: Warm key (tungsten) + cool fill (daylight) = the "golden/teal" Hollywood look.

Recipe 7 — Soft vs hard shadow tweak

import bpy, math

light_data = bpy.data.lights['LGT-key']

# Make shadows softer
light_data.size = 2.0     # Area: bigger size = softer shadow
# Or for Sun:
# light_data.angle = math.radians(5)  # bigger angle = softer shadow

# Make shadows harder (crisp)
# light_data.size = 0.1
# Or:
# light_data.angle = math.radians(0.5)

Naming convention

Prefix	Meaning
LGT-key	Main / key light
LGT-fill	Fill light
LGT-rim / LGT-back	Rim or back light
LGT-sun	Sun lamp
LGT-{name}	Practical lights (lamp, candle, neon, etc.)

Common pitfalls

Symptom	Fix
Half the model in pitch black	Add fill (Area light or HDRI)
Render looks "flat"	Increase key:fill ratio; add rim
Hard shadows everywhere	Increase Area size or Sun angle
Too dark overall	Boost View Transform exposure or HDRI strength
No reflections on materials	Always set a world environment (HDRI)
Light inside object	Check world position; light must be visible from camera
Backlight blowing out subject	Rim energy ≤ key energy

When to load references/overview.md

Load when:

• The user asks for a setup not in the recipes (volumetric god rays, light groups, light linking)
• HDRI rotation / strength tuning is needed beyond defaults
• Multi-light scenes (5+ lamps) require organization
• Color science or color management gets specific (AgX, Filmic)

The reference covers: all 5 light types in depth, full HDRI workflow, light groups for re-lighting in compositor, recipes for product/portrait/architectural/character/animation looks.