Terraform

State

• Remote state always. Local state for throwaway experiments only
• State backend with locking: S3 + DynamoDB, GCS, or Terraform Cloud/HCP
• Separate state files per environment (dev, staging, prod). Never share state across envs
• Encrypt state at rest. Versioning on state bucket enables rollback — never delete old versions without confirming they are not needed
• Never commit .tfstate or .tfstate.backup to git. Add to .gitignore
• sensitive = true on all outputs containing secrets, tokens, or credentials. Limits plaintext exposure in logs and state diffs

Security

• Least privilege for the Terraform runner. Scope to exactly what it creates
• OIDC / Workload Identity for CI runners. No long-lived access keys
• Secrets never in .tf files or terraform.tfvars committed to git. Pass via TF_VAR_* env vars, Vault, or secret manager at plan/apply time
• prevent_destroy = true on critical resources (databases, buckets, KMS keys)
• plan before every apply. Review the diff. Never auto-apply to production without human approval
• Pin provider versions with pessimistic constraints: ~> 5.0 locks to 5.x not 6.x. Full pins for production stability
• required_version in every root module. Prevents silent version drift across team members

Workflow

• CI pattern: plan on PR (post as comment), apply on merge to main. Never apply from developer laptops in production
• GitOps orchestration: Atlantis (self-hosted, PR-driven), Spacelift or env0 for team workflows, audit trails, and drift detection
• terraform fmt -recursive and terraform validate in CI. Fail on violations
• tflint for provider-specific lint. checkov or tfsec for security misconfigurations. Both in CI pre-apply
• Infracost in CI to surface cost delta per PR before apply
• Drift detection: scheduled plan runs that alert on non-empty diffs
• terraform-docs to auto-generate module README from variables and outputs. Enforce via CI check
• tfenv for CLI version management. Commit .terraform-version to repo

Module design

• Modules for reusable patterns. Flat root module for env-specific wiring
• Required variables explicit. Optional variables with sane defaults
• Expose only necessary outputs. sensitive = true on any output with secret values
• Version-pin module sources (registry or git tag). Never ?ref=main — breaks reproducibility
• Keep modules small and focused. One domain per module
• for_each over count for resources with identity (databases, buckets, queues). count only for truly homogeneous replicas
• moved blocks when renaming or refactoring resources. removed blocks when deleting managed resources
• Variable validation with custom error messages: validation { condition = ... error_message = "..." }

Code quality

• Consistent naming: <env>-<service>-<resource>. Pick one convention, enforce via tflint
• locals for repeated expressions. No duplicated logic across resources
• terraform_data (1.4+) over deprecated null_resource for triggers and lifecycle hooks
• Avoid local-exec provisioners — side effects that survive plan/apply cycles. Use provider resources
• lifecycle blocks only when needed. Document ignore_changes with a comment explaining why
• Separate data source lookups from resource definitions. No inline data lookups mixed into resource arguments
• Terragrunt for DRY multi-env root module wiring when directory-per-environment leads to excessive duplication

Testing

• terraform test (native, 1.6+) for unit and integration testing of modules
• check blocks for post-apply assertions: validate actual resource state beyond what Terraform tracks
• Terratest (Go) for complex integration tests requiring real infra provisioning and teardown
• Test variable edge cases: empty strings, null optionals, boundary values in validation blocks

Tooling reference

Tool	Purpose
tfenv	CLI version management
terraform fmt	Formatting
tflint	Provider-aware linting
checkov / tfsec	Security misconfiguration scanning
Infracost	Cost delta per PR
Atlantis	Self-hosted GitOps PR automation
terraform-docs	Auto-generated module documentation
Terragrunt	DRY multi-env root module wiring
terraform test / Terratest	Module testing