Convex component authoring

Produces a self contained component: its own convex.config.ts, schema, functions, and a typed client wrapper the parent app calls. The one rule: a component cannot read the parent's tables, ctx.auth, or process.env. Whatever it needs, the app passes in as arguments.

When to reach for this

• Extracting a feature (counters, rate limits, audit logs, notifications) into a package
• Building something for the Convex component directory
• A component's functions are missing from components.<name> in the parent app
• A third party integration should own its own tables and background jobs
• The same backend module is needed in several apps

Component or helper function

Need	Use
Shared logic over the app's own tables	Plain TypeScript helper in convex/lib/
Its own tables with a schema the app cannot touch	Component
Isolated functions that run in their own transaction	Component
Reuse across apps with one install line	Component
A React hook or client utility only	npm library, no component

If the feature does not need persistent state behind an API boundary, a helper function is less work and easier to type.

Folder layout

my-component/
  package.json
  src/
    component/
      convex.config.ts     # defineComponent("counter")
      schema.ts            # tables only this component can see
      public.ts            # queries, mutations, actions
      _generated/          # created by npx convex codegen
    client/
      index.ts             # wrapper class the app imports
  example/
    convex/
      convex.config.ts     # app.use(counter) for local testing

For a local only component, put the component/ contents at convex/components/<name>/ and skip client/ and package.json.

Define the component

// src/component/convex.config.ts
import { defineComponent } from "convex/server";

const component = defineComponent("counter");
export default component;

// src/component/schema.ts
import { defineSchema, defineTable } from "convex/server";
import { v } from "convex/values";

export default defineSchema({
  counters: defineTable({
    name: v.string(),
    value: v.number(),
  }).index("by_name", ["name"]),
});

Functions import query and mutation from the component's own _generated/server, never from the app's. Every public function needs args and returns validators; without them the parent sees any.

// src/component/public.ts
import { v } from "convex/values";
import { mutation, query } from "./_generated/server.js";

export const add = mutation({
  args: { name: v.string(), amount: v.number() },
  returns: v.number(),
  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
    const existing = await ctx.db
      .query("counters")
      .withIndex("by_name", (q) => q.eq("name", args.name))
      .unique();
    if (!existing) {
      await ctx.db.insert("counters", { name: args.name, value: args.amount });
      return args.amount;
    }
    const value = existing.value + args.amount;
    await ctx.db.patch(existing._id, { value });
    return value;
  },
});

export const get = query({
  args: { name: v.string() },
  returns: v.number(),
  handler: async (ctx, args) => {
    const counter = await ctx.db
      .query("counters")
      .withIndex("by_name", (q) => q.eq("name", args.name))
      .unique();
    return counter?.value ?? 0;
  },
});

Register it in the parent

// convex/convex.config.ts (parent app)
import { defineApp } from "convex/server";
import counter from "@acme/counter/convex.config.js";
// local component: import counter from "./components/counter/convex.config.js";

const app = defineApp();
app.use(counter);
// A second instance under a different name:
// app.use(counter, { name: "pageViews" });
export default app;

Run npx convex dev. It generates components.counter in the app's convex/_generated/api and the component's own _generated/ folder. The reference path mirrors the file: a function in public.ts is components.counter.public.add.

Component functions arrive in the parent as internal references. Call them with ctx.runQuery and ctx.runMutation; clients cannot hit them directly.

Client wrapper class

The wrapper runs in the app's environment, so it can read ctx.auth and process.env and pass what the component needs. It takes the component reference first and options second.

// src/client/index.ts
import type {
  GenericDataModel,
  GenericMutationCtx,
  GenericQueryCtx,
} from "convex/server";
import type { ComponentApi } from "../component/_generated/component.js";

// Pick only the capabilities each method needs so any ctx with runQuery works
type QueryCtx = Pick<GenericQueryCtx<GenericDataModel>, "runQuery">;
type MutationCtx = Pick<GenericMutationCtx<GenericDataModel>, "runMutation">;

export class Counter {
  constructor(
    public component: ComponentApi,
    private options: { prefix?: string } = {},
  ) {}

  private key(name: string): string {
    return this.options.prefix ? `${this.options.prefix}:${name}` : name;
  }

  async add(ctx: MutationCtx, name: string, amount = 1): Promise<number> {
    return await ctx.runMutation(this.component.public.add, {
      name: this.key(name),
      amount,
    });
  }

  async get(ctx: QueryCtx, name: string): Promise<number> {
    return await ctx.runQuery(this.component.public.get, { name: this.key(name) });
  }
}

// convex/counter.ts (parent app)
import { v } from "convex/values";
import { mutation, query } from "./_generated/server";
import { components } from "./_generated/api";
import { Counter } from "@acme/counter";

const counter = new Counter(components.counter, { prefix: "app" });

// The app owns auth. The component only sees the string it is handed.
export const incrementMine = mutation({
  args: {},
  returns: v.number(),
  handler: async (ctx) => {
    const identity = await ctx.auth.getUserIdentity();
    if (!identity) throw new Error("Not authenticated");
    return await counter.add(ctx, identity.subject);
  },
});

export const getMine = query({
  args: {},
  returns: v.number(),
  handler: async (ctx) => {
    const identity = await ctx.auth.getUserIdentity();
    if (!identity) throw new Error("Not authenticated");
    return await counter.get(ctx, identity.subject);
  },
});

These app side functions are what React calls through api.counter.incrementMine. The app decides on auth and rate limits; the component stays generic.

Boundary rules

• No parent tables. v.id("users") inside a component refers to a component table named users, not the app's. Accept parent ids as v.string().
• Ids become strings. Every Id<"counters"> in the component is string in ComponentApi. Return them as strings on purpose.
• No ctx.auth. Resolve the user in the app and pass userId.
• No app process.env. Declare typed env in defineComponent("name", { env: { API_KEY: v.string() } }) and let the app supply it with app.use(c, { env: { API_KEY: ... } }), or pass the value as a function argument.
• .paginate() does not work across the boundary. Use paginator from convex-helpers inside the component.
• HTTP routes in a component's http.ts are mounted by the app with httpPrefix. Component HTTP actions have no ctx.auth.
• Callbacks into the app travel as function handles: createFunctionHandle(internal.x.y) in the app, stored as v.string(), cast to FunctionHandle<"mutation"> in the component.

Publishing to npm (exports map, build order, README, versioning) is covered in references/publishing.md; open it when the component will be installed from a package rather than a local folder.

Common mistakes

Mistake	Why it breaks	Do instead
Functions missing from components.<name>	app.use(...) not added, or npx convex dev has not run since	Register in convex.config.ts, run dev, check the reference path matches the file name
Importing mutation from the app's _generated/server	The function registers on the app, not the component	Import from the component's own ./_generated/server.js
Calling api.counter.add from React	Component functions are internal references in the parent	Write an app mutation that calls ctx.runMutation(components.counter.public.add)
v.id("users") in component args	Table numbers differ per component, validation fails	v.string() at the boundary
ctx.auth.getUserIdentity() inside the component	Always returns no user	Authenticate in the app, pass userId
process.env.MY_KEY inside the component	Undefined at runtime	Declare env in defineComponent or pass as an argument
Public function without returns	Parent sees any, loses type safety	Add validators to every public function
Reading component env at module scope	Undefined during deploy analysis	Read env.X inside the handler

Checklist

• Decided a component is needed rather than a helper function
• convex.config.ts calls defineComponent("<name>") and exports it
• Schema lives in the component; no v.id() for parent tables anywhere
• Functions import from the component's own _generated/server
• Every public function has args and returns validators
• Parent registers with app.use(...) and npx convex dev runs clean
• Client wrapper takes ComponentApi first, options second, uses Pick ctx types
• App side wrapper functions handle auth and pass ids as strings
• No ctx.auth, process.env, or .paginate() inside the component
• Tested through an example app that installs the component

Docs

• https://docs.convex.dev/llms.txt
• https://docs.convex.dev/components/authoring
• https://docs.convex.dev/components/using
• https://www.convex.dev/components