Layout that communicates structure

Layout communicates before a single word is read: position, spacing, and alignment carry hierarchy on their own, and generous space beats decoration. A good layout also survives stress: resize it, translate it, mirror it for RTL, and it should still hold together. Apply these principles when building or reviewing UI code, and write every fix in the project's own idiom: the styling system already in use, never a second one alongside it.

Hit-area sizes and focus behavior are covered by the better-accessibility skill; visual polish (radius, shadows, animation) by the better-ui skill; line length and text spacing by the better-typography skill.

Treat the numeric values below as starting points for interfaces without an established density or spacing system. Preserve deliberate platform chrome, compact professional tools, and project tokens when they remain usable under hit-area, zoom, localization, and viewport stress tests.

Quick Reference

Category	When to Use
Grouping & Alignment	Space vs separators, alignment edges, logical properties, importance ordering
Spacing & Adaptivity	Spacing between targets, layout margins, progressive disclosure, full-bleed content, breakpoints, i18n growth
Review Output Format	Severity scale, findings table, verification, verdict

Core Principles

1. Group with Space, Not Lines

Negative space is the primary grouping tool; background shapes second; separator lines last, only where space alone can't carry the structure. The gap between groups must be at least 2× the gap within a group (8px intra-group → 16px+ inter-group), or the grouping reads as noise.

2. Keep Controls Distinct from Content

Interactive elements must look interactive: a background shape, a border, or a consistent placement zone. Never style a control identically to adjacent static text.

3. Align to Shared Edges

Pick alignment edges and stick to them; every stray edge reads as noise. Use one project spacing step for each level of subordination (16px is a useful default). Use logical properties (padding-inline-start, margin-inline-end) for direction-dependent layout; reserve physical left/right for genuinely physical geometry.

4. Order by Importance

The most important content sits near the top and the leading edge; reading order flows top-to-bottom, leading-to-trailing. Think in leading/trailing, not left/right.

5. Hint at Hidden Content

Progressive disclosure needs a visible affordance. Use the project's established cue; without one, let the next item peek 16–32px past the scroll edge or show a disclosure control. Content hidden with zero cue may as well not exist.

6. Breathing Room Between Targets

Without an established density system, start with 12px between adjacent bordered or filled controls and 24px of clearance around borderless text- and icon-only controls. Compact layouts may use less when better-accessibility hit areas do not overlap and the controls remain visually distinct.

7. Inset Buttons from the Edges

In content layouts, keep full-width buttons inside the layout margins (start near 16px inline on mobile) with a visible radius. Edge-to-edge actions are acceptable when they intentionally follow established platform or application chrome, account for safe areas, and remain distinguishable from system UI.

8. Content Bleeds, Controls Float

Backgrounds and media extend to the viewport edges; controls and text stay inside the layout margins and safe areas (env(safe-area-inset-*)). Sticky chrome floats above the content layer, it doesn't dam it.

9. Hold Structure Until It Breaks

Breakpoints come from the content, not device presets. Keep the expanded layout as long as it genuinely fits and collapse late; prefer container queries for component-level adaptation. Test the smallest and largest sizes first.

10. Plan for Growth and Clipping

Plan for substantial and language-dependent string growth rather than relying on a universal percentage: no fixed widths or heights on text containers, and let rows wrap. Never park critical actions where resizing or scrolling clips them; keep them reachable in the normal flow or stable chrome appropriate to the product.

Common Mistakes

Mistake	Fix
Separator line where spacing would do	Remove the line, double the gap between groups
margin-left / padding-right in a localizable layout	margin-inline-start / padding-inline-end
Content-layout button accidentally touches the viewport	Inset within the project margins; preserve intentional platform chrome
Carousel/scroller that looks complete	Let the next item peek 16–32px past the edge
Adjacent controls merge or expanded hit areas overlap	Increase the gap using the project scale; use 12px/24px as starting points
Breakpoints at 768/1024 because they're the defaults	Break where the content actually stops fitting
Fixed-width text container sized to one language	max-width + wrapping; test pseudo-localization and representative locales
Primary action at the clip-prone bottom of a pane	Sticky positioning or stable chrome with safe-area padding

Reporting

A standalone layout review is finished when every confirmed finding is reported in the format in review-output.md, with verification and a verdict. Under better-interface, its format governs instead.