PostgreSQL 模式 (Patterns)

PostgreSQL 最佳实践快速参考。如需详细指导，请使用 database-reviewer 智能体 (Agent)。

触发时机

• 创建 SQL 查询或迁移 (Migration) 时
• 设计数据库架构 (Schema) 时
• 排查低速查询时
• 实现行级安全 (Row Level Security) 时
• 配置连接池 (Connection Pooling) 时

快速参考

索引速查表 (Index Cheat Sheet)

查询模式	索引类型	示例
WHERE col = value	B-tree（默认）	CREATE INDEX idx ON t (col)
WHERE col > value	B-tree	CREATE INDEX idx ON t (col)
WHERE a = x AND b > y	复合索引 (Composite)	CREATE INDEX idx ON t (a, b)
WHERE jsonb @> '{}'	GIN	CREATE INDEX idx ON t USING gin (col)
WHERE tsv @@ query	GIN	CREATE INDEX idx ON t USING gin (col)
时序范围	BRIN	CREATE INDEX idx ON t USING brin (col)

数据类型快速参考

用途	正确类型	应当避免
ID	bigint	int、随机 UUID
字符串	text	varchar(255)
时间戳	timestamptz	timestamp
金额	numeric(10,2)	float
标志位	boolean	varchar、int

常用模式

复合索引顺序:

-- 等值列在前，范围列在后
CREATE INDEX idx ON orders (status, created_at);
-- 适用于: WHERE status = 'pending' AND created_at > '2024-01-01'

覆盖索引 (Covering Index):

CREATE INDEX idx ON users (email) INCLUDE (name, created_at);
-- 避免针对 email, name, created_at 的表查找 (Table scan)

部分索引 (Partial Index):

CREATE INDEX idx ON users (email) WHERE deleted_at IS NULL;
-- 索引更小，仅包含活跃用户

RLS 策略（优化）:

CREATE POLICY policy ON orders
  USING ((SELECT auth.uid()) = user_id);  -- 使用 SELECT 包装！

UPSERT:

INSERT INTO settings (user_id, key, value)
VALUES (123, 'theme', 'dark')
ON CONFLICT (user_id, key)
DO UPDATE SET value = EXCLUDED.value;

游标分页 (Cursor Pagination):

SELECT * FROM products WHERE id > $last_id ORDER BY id LIMIT 20;
-- O(1) 对比 OFFSET 的 O(n)

队列处理 (Queue Processing):

UPDATE jobs SET status = 'processing'
WHERE id = (
  SELECT id FROM jobs WHERE status = 'pending'
  ORDER BY created_at LIMIT 1
  FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED
) RETURNING *;

反模式 (Anti-patterns) 检测

-- 查找没有索引的外键
SELECT conrelid::regclass, a.attname
FROM pg_constraint c
JOIN pg_attribute a ON a.attrelid = c.conrelid AND a.attnum = ANY(c.conkey)
WHERE c.contype = 'f'
  AND NOT EXISTS (
    SELECT 1 FROM pg_index i
    WHERE i.indrelid = c.conrelid AND a.attnum = ANY(i.indkey)
  );

-- 查找低速查询
SELECT query, mean_exec_time, calls
FROM pg_stat_statements
WHERE mean_exec_time > 100
ORDER BY mean_exec_time DESC;

-- 检查表膨胀 (Table Bloat)
SELECT relname, n_dead_tup, last_vacuum
FROM pg_stat_user_tables
WHERE n_dead_tup > 1000
ORDER BY n_dead_tup DESC;

配置模板

-- 连接限制（根据 RAM 调整）
ALTER SYSTEM SET max_connections = 100;
ALTER SYSTEM SET work_mem = '8MB';

-- 超时设置
ALTER SYSTEM SET idle_in_transaction_session_timeout = '30s';
ALTER SYSTEM SET statement_timeout = '30s';

-- 监控
CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS pg_stat_statements;

-- 安全默认值
REVOKE ALL ON SCHEMA public FROM public;

SELECT pg_reload_conf();

相关

• 智能体 (Agent): database-reviewer - 完整的数据库评审工作流
• 技能 (Skill): clickhouse-io - ClickHouse 分析模式
• 技能 (Skill): backend-patterns - API 和后端模式

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基于 [Supabase Agent Skills](Supabase Agent Skills (credit: Supabase team))（MIT 许可证）