Python to Scala Collections Translation

Collection Creation

Lists

# Python
empty = []
nums = [1, 2, 3]
repeated = [0] * 5
from_range = list(range(1, 11))

// Scala
val empty = List.empty[Int]  // or List[Int]()
val nums = List(1, 2, 3)
val repeated = List.fill(5)(0)
val fromRange = (1 to 10).toList

Dictionaries → Maps

# Python
empty = {}
person = {"name": "Alice", "age": 30}
from_pairs = dict([("a", 1), ("b", 2)])

// Scala
val empty = Map.empty[String, Int]
val person = Map("name" -> "Alice", "age" -> 30)
val fromPairs = List(("a", 1), ("b", 2)).toMap

Sets

# Python
empty = set()
nums = {1, 2, 3}
from_list = set([1, 2, 2, 3])

// Scala
val empty = Set.empty[Int]
val nums = Set(1, 2, 3)
val fromList = List(1, 2, 2, 3).toSet

Transformation Operations

Map

# Python
doubled = [x * 2 for x in nums]
doubled = list(map(lambda x: x * 2, nums))

// Scala
val doubled = nums.map(_ * 2)
val doubled = nums.map(x => x * 2)

Filter

# Python
evens = [x for x in nums if x % 2 == 0]
evens = list(filter(lambda x: x % 2 == 0, nums))

// Scala
val evens = nums.filter(_ % 2 == 0)
val evens = nums.filter(x => x % 2 == 0)

Reduce/Fold

# Python
from functools import reduce
total = reduce(lambda a, b: a + b, nums)
total = sum(nums)
product = reduce(lambda a, b: a * b, nums, 1)

// Scala
val total = nums.reduce(_ + _)
val total = nums.sum
val product = nums.foldLeft(1)(_ * _)
// Use foldLeft when you need an initial value

FlatMap

# Python
nested = [[1, 2], [3, 4]]
flat = [x for sublist in nested for x in sublist]

// Scala
val nested = List(List(1, 2), List(3, 4))
val flat = nested.flatten
// or with transformation:
val flat = nested.flatMap(identity)

Common Operations

Length/Size

Python	Scala
len(lst)	lst.length or lst.size
len(dct)	map.size

Access

Python	Scala
lst[0]	lst(0) or lst.head
lst[-1]	lst.last
lst[1:3]	lst.slice(1, 3)
lst[:3]	lst.take(3)
lst[3:]	lst.drop(3)
dct["key"]	map("key") (throws if missing)
dct.get("key")	map.get("key") (returns Option)
dct.get("key", default)	map.getOrElse("key", default)

Membership

# Python
if x in lst: ...
if key in dct: ...

// Scala
if (lst.contains(x)) ...
if (map.contains(key)) ...

Concatenation

# Python
combined = list1 + list2
merged = {**dict1, **dict2}

// Scala
val combined = list1 ++ list2
val merged = map1 ++ map2

Sorting

# Python
sorted_list = sorted(items)
sorted_desc = sorted(items, reverse=True)
sorted_by_key = sorted(items, key=lambda x: x.name)
items.sort()  # in-place

// Scala
val sortedList = items.sorted
val sortedDesc = items.sorted(Ordering[Int].reverse)
val sortedByKey = items.sortBy(_.name)
// Note: Scala collections are immutable by default, no in-place sort

Grouping

# Python
from itertools import groupby
from collections import defaultdict

# Group by key
grouped = defaultdict(list)
for item in items:
    grouped[item.category].append(item)

// Scala
val grouped = items.groupBy(_.category)
// Returns Map[Category, List[Item]]

Aggregations

# Python
total = sum(nums)
minimum = min(nums)
maximum = max(nums)
average = sum(nums) / len(nums)

// Scala
val total = nums.sum
val minimum = nums.min
val maximum = nums.max
val average = nums.sum.toDouble / nums.length

Finding Elements

# Python
first_even = next((x for x in nums if x % 2 == 0), None)
all_evens = all(x % 2 == 0 for x in nums)
any_even = any(x % 2 == 0 for x in nums)

// Scala
val firstEven = nums.find(_ % 2 == 0)  // Returns Option[Int]
val allEvens = nums.forall(_ % 2 == 0)
val anyEven = nums.exists(_ % 2 == 0)

Zipping

# Python
pairs = list(zip(list1, list2))
indexed = list(enumerate(items))

// Scala
val pairs = list1.zip(list2)
val indexed = items.zipWithIndex

Dictionary/Map Operations

# Python
keys = list(dct.keys())
values = list(dct.values())
items = list(dct.items())

for key, value in dct.items():
    process(key, value)

# Update
dct["new_key"] = value
updated = {**dct, "new_key": value}

// Scala
val keys = map.keys.toList
val values = map.values.toList
val items = map.toList  // List[(K, V)]

for ((key, value) <- map) {
  process(key, value)
}

// Update (creates new map, immutable)
val updated = map + ("new_key" -> value)
val updated = map.updated("new_key", value)

Mutable vs Immutable

Python collections are mutable by default. Scala defaults to immutable.

# Python - mutable
lst.append(4)
lst.extend([5, 6])
dct["key"] = value

// Scala - immutable (creates new collection)
val newList = lst :+ 4
val newList = lst ++ List(5, 6)
val newMap = map + ("key" -> value)

// Scala - mutable (when needed)
import scala.collection.mutable
val mutableList = mutable.ListBuffer(1, 2, 3)
mutableList += 4
mutableList ++= List(5, 6)

enum type

Use UPPERCASE for enum and constant names in Scala (same as in Python) E.g.

class TokenType(Enum):
    STRING = "string"
    NUMERIC = "numeric"
    TEMPORAL = "temporal"
    STRUCTURED = "structured"
    BINARY = "binary"
    NULL = "null"

object BaseType {
  case object STRING extends BaseType { val value = "string" }
  case object NUMERIC extends BaseType { val value = "numeric" }
  case object TEMPORAL extends BaseType { val value = "temporal" }
  case object STRUCTURED extends BaseType { val value = "structured" }
  case object BINARY extends BaseType { val value = "binary" }
}

Do not use PascalCase. E.g. the following is against the principle:

object BaseType {
  case object String extends BaseType { val value = "string" }
}