gap-analysis

Overview

Based on the BABOK Guide v3 (IIBA) - Strategy Analysis knowledge area, which defines gap analysis as the comparison between current state and desired future state to identify changes needed. Also draws on Mastering the Requirements Process by Suzanne & James Robertson for the Brown Cow Model - a 2x2 matrix (What/How x Now/Future) that prevents teams from jumping to solutions before understanding the problem space. The key insight: gap analysis must cover all four quadrants of the Brown Cow Model. Teams that skip "What-Now" (current business requirements) and jump straight to "How-Future" (new system design) build the wrong thing.

Workflow

Step 1: Define the desired future state

Document what success looks like using measurable targets:

FUTURE STATE OBJECTIVE: [what capability or performance level is needed]
BUSINESS DRIVER: [why this change is needed now]
SUCCESS METRIC: [how we will know we've arrived]
TARGET DATE: [when this must be achieved]

Step 2: Document the current state using Brown Cow Model

Map all four quadrants:

|           | WHAT (requirements)        | HOW (implementation)         |
|-----------|----------------------------|------------------------------|
| NOW       | Current business needs     | Current systems & processes  |
| FUTURE    | Future business needs      | Future systems & processes   |

• What-Now: What does the business need today? (Often undocumented)
• How-Now: How is it currently delivered? (Systems, processes, people)
• What-Future: What will the business need? (New requirements)
• How-Future: How should it be delivered? (Design this last, not first)

Step 3: Identify gaps across 4 dimensions

For each dimension, compare current to desired:

Dimension	Current State	Desired State	Gap
Process	[how work flows today]	[how it should flow]	[what's missing or broken]
Technology	[current systems]	[needed capabilities]	[what's missing or inadequate]
People	[current skills/capacity]	[needed skills/capacity]	[training, hiring, restructuring]
Policy	[current rules/governance]	[needed rules/governance]	[policy changes required]

Step 4: Categorize each gap

• Missing capability: Does not exist today, must be built or acquired
• Underperforming capability: Exists but doesn't meet the target
• Unnecessary capability: Exists but is not needed in the future state (candidate for removal)

Step 5: Prioritize gaps using Force-Field Analysis

For each gap, assess:

• Driving forces: factors pushing toward closing the gap (business need, regulation, competition)
• Restraining forces: factors resisting change (cost, complexity, organizational resistance)
• Net priority: driving forces minus restraining forces

Rank gaps by net priority to determine which to address first.

Step 6: Recommend actions

For each gap:

GAP: [description]
SEVERITY: [High / Medium / Low]
ACTION: [Build / Buy / Partner / Defer / Accept]
OWNER: [who is responsible]
EFFORT: [estimated complexity]
DEPENDENCIES: [what must happen first]

Step 7: Output the gap register

Deliver a consolidated gap register with all gaps, their categorization, priority, and recommended actions. Include the Brown Cow Model diagram and Force-Field Analysis summary.

Anti-Patterns

1. Jumping to solutions before documenting current state Bad: "We need a new CRM system." (Without analyzing what the current state is or what specific gaps exist.) Good: Document What-Now and How-Now first, then identify specific gaps, then evaluate solutions.

2. Only identifying technology gaps Bad: Gap analysis that lists missing software features but ignores process, people, and policy. Good: Cover all 4 dimensions - often the biggest gaps are in process and people, not technology.

3. No prioritization - all gaps treated equally Bad: A flat list of 30 gaps with no ranking. Good: Force-Field Analysis or severity scoring to identify the vital few gaps that matter most.

4. Vague gap descriptions Bad: "Improve reporting capabilities." Good: "Current reporting requires 4 hours of manual Excel compilation; future state requires automated dashboards refreshed every 15 minutes."

5. Future state without success metrics Bad: "We want to be best in class." Good: "Reduce order fulfillment cycle time from 5 days to 1 day, measured by average across all orders."

Quality Checklist

• Future state has measurable targets with deadlines
• Current state documented with evidence (not assumed)
• Brown Cow Model completed (all 4 quadrants)
• All 4 dimensions covered (Process, Technology, People, Policy)
• Each gap categorized (missing / underperforming / unnecessary)
• Gaps prioritized using Force-Field Analysis or severity scoring
• Each gap has an owner and recommended action
• Recommendations are actionable (Build / Buy / Partner / Defer / Accept)
• Dependencies between gaps identified