Source: kevintsengtw/dotnet-testing-agent-skills (MIT). Ported into dotnet-agent-harness.

Code Coverage Analysis Guide

Applicable Scenarios

Use this skill when asked to perform the following tasks:

• Configure and execute code coverage analysis
• Configure Coverlet or other coverage tools
• Generate and interpret coverage reports
• View coverage in Visual Studio or VS Code
• Evaluate test completeness and quality
• Combine complexity metrics to formulate testing strategies

Code Coverage Core Concepts

Definition

Code Coverage is a measurement metric used to count how much code is actually executed during test execution.

Correct Understanding

Actual Value of Code Coverage

1. Find Testing Blind Spots: Quickly identify code not tested
2. Evaluate Test Completeness: Check if important logic is tested
3. Assist Refactoring Decisions: Understand which areas need more attention
4. Increase Testing Confidence: Confirm critical paths are validated

Common Misconceptions (Must Avoid)

❌ Wrong Understanding:

• 100% coverage means no bugs
• Higher coverage numbers are always better
• Can use coverage as KPI

✅ Correct Understanding:

• Code coverage is just a reminder tool, telling you which code is not tested
• Focus on test effectiveness, not coverage numbers
• Helps determine if more test cases are needed
• Should never be used as KPI

⚠️ Warning: When Code Coverage is used as KPI, developers write tests without Asserts just to boost numbers, completely losing the meaning of testing.

.NET Project Coverage Tool Selection

1. Visual Studio Enterprise (Enterprise Edition Only)

Pros

• Built-in integration, no additional configuration needed
• Complete UI support
• Real-time results display

Limitations

• Only Enterprise version has this feature
• Professional and Community versions not supported

2. Fine Code Coverage (Recommended Free Option)

Pros: (continued)

• Completely free
• Integrated in Visual Studio
• Real-time coverage display
• Direct editor marking

Installation: Visual Studio Extensions Manager → Search "Fine Code Coverage" → Install

Required Configuration: Tools → Options → Fine Code Coverage → Enable: True, Editor Colouring Line Highlighting: True

3. .NET CLI Tools

Usage Scenarios

• CI/CD pipeline integration
• Command-line automation
• Cross-platform development

Installation and Usage

# Install tool
dotnet tool install -g dotnet-coverage

# Execute tests and generate report
dotnet-coverage collect dotnet test

# Or use Coverlet (recommended)
dotnet test --collect:"XPlat Code Coverage"
```text

### 4. VS Code Built-in Test Coverage

### Pros: (continued)

- Cross-platform support
- Built-in feature, no extension needed
- Integrated test management

### Usage

1. Install C# Dev Kit extension
2. Open Test Explorer (beaker icon)
3. Click "Run Coverage Test"
4. View results: Test Coverage view, editor display, file explorer display

## Executing Coverage Analysis

### Method 1: Using .NET CLI (Recommended for CI/CD)

```powershell
# Execute tests and collect coverage
dotnet test --collect:"XPlat Code Coverage"

# Specify output format
dotnet test --collect:"XPlat Code Coverage" --results-directory ./coverage

# Generate multiple format reports
dotnet test /p:CollectCoverage=true /p:CoverageReportFormat="cobertura;opencover;json"
```text

### Method 2: Using Fine Code Coverage

1. Execute tests in Visual Studio
2. View → Other Windows → Fine Code Coverage
3. Coverage report automatically displayed

### Method 3: Using VS Code

1. Open Test Explorer
2. Click "Run Coverage Test" icon
3. View coverage results:
   - **Test Coverage** view: Tree structure
   - **Editor display**: Green/red marking
   - **File Explorer**: Percentage display

## Configuring Coverlet

### Configuring in csproj

```xml
<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">

  <PropertyGroup>
    <TargetFramework>net9.0</TargetFramework>
  </PropertyGroup>

  <ItemGroup>
    <!-- Test framework packages -->
    <PackageReference Include="xunit" Version="2.9.3" />
    <PackageReference Include="xunit.runner.visualstudio" Version="3.0.0" />
    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.NET.Test.Sdk" Version="17.12.0" />

    <!-- Coverage collector -->
    <PackageReference Include="coverlet.collector" Version="6.0.3">
      <IncludeAssets>runtime; build; native; contentfiles; analyzers; buildtransitive</IncludeAssets>
      <PrivateAssets>all</PrivateAssets>
    </PackageReference>
  </ItemGroup>

</Project>
```text

### Using runsettings File

See `templates/runsettings-template.xml` file for advanced coverage configuration:

- Exclude specific files or namespaces
- Set coverage thresholds
- Custom report formats

### Usage: (continued)

```powershell
dotnet test --settings coverage.runsettings
```text

## Interpreting Coverage Reports

### Color Marking Explanation

In code editor:

- **Green**: Covered by tests
- **Yellow**: Partially covered (some branches not tested)
- **Red**: Not covered

### Coverage Metrics

1. **Line Coverage**
   - Executed code lines / Total code lines
   - Most basic metric

2. **Branch Coverage**
   - Executed branches / Total branches
   - More accurate than line coverage
   - Ensures all branches like if/else, switch are tested

3. **Method Coverage**
   - Executed methods / Total methods

### Report Interpretation Strategy

1. **Prioritize Red Areas**
   - Code completely not tested
   - May be critical business logic

2. **Check Yellow Areas**
   - Confirm all conditional branches are tested
   - Pay special attention to if/else, try/catch, etc.

3. **Evaluate Necessity**
   - Simple getters/setters may not need testing
   - Auto-generated code can be excluded
   - Focus on business logic and complex calculations

## Combining Complexity Metrics

### Cyclomatic Complexity

### Definition

Number of independent logic paths in code

### Relationship with Test Cases

- Cyclomatic complexity = Minimum number of test cases needed
- Each if, for, while, case, &&, || increases complexity

### Example

```csharp
public int Max(int[] array)
{
    if (array == null || array.Length == 0)  // +2 (null check + length check)
    {
        throw new ArgumentException("array must not be empty.");
    }

    int max = array[0];

    for (int i = 1; i < array.Length; i++)  // +1 (loop)
    {
        if (array[i] > max)  // +1 (condition check)
        {
            max = array[i];
        }
    }

    return max;  // +1 (method itself)
}
// Total complexity = 5
```text

### Testing Strategy

Cyclomatic complexity is 5, need at least 5 test cases:

1. Pass null → Test `array == null`
2. Pass empty array → Test `array.Length == 0`
3. Single element → Doesn't enter loop
4. Max at beginning → Loop doesn't update max
5. Max in middle → Loop updates max

### Visual Studio Extensions

### CodeMaintainability

- Display maintainability metrics
- Calculate cyclomatic complexity
- Evaluate code quality

### CodeMaid

- Spade feature: Visualize code structure
- Display complexity of each method
- Help identify code needing refactoring

## Improving Coverage Strategy

### 1. Gradual Improvement

```text
Current coverage → Identify key modules → Supplement tests → Reach target value → Continuous monitoring
```text

### Recommended Process

1. **Phase 1**: Cover core business logic (target 60-70%)
2. **Phase 2**: Supplement boundary condition tests (target 70-80%)
3. **Phase 3**: Handle exception scenarios (target 80-85%)
4. **Maintenance Phase**: New features must have tests

### 2. Priority Ranking

### High Priority (Must Test)

- Business logic core
- Financial calculations
- Data validation
- Permission control
- Exception handling

### Medium Priority (Recommended to Test)

- Data transformation
- Formatting logic
- Query logic

### Low Priority (Optional Testing)

- Simple getters/setters
- DTO classes
- Auto-generated code

### 3. Exclude Unnecessary Code

Exclude in code or runsettings:

```csharp
// Use attribute to exclude
[ExcludeFromCodeCoverage]
public class GeneratedCode
{
    // ...
}
```text

## Practical Recommendations and Best Practices

### Test Case Quantity Decision

1. **Based on Requirement Analysis**
   - List method use cases
   - Identify boundary conditions and exception cases
   - Consider various scenarios of business logic

2. **Reference Complexity Metrics**
   - Cyclomatic complexity provides test case lower bound
   - High complexity methods need more tests
   - Consider refactoring to reduce complexity

3. **Balance Coverage and Quality**
   - Don't use 100% coverage as sole target
   - Focus on critical business logic
   - Ensure actual value of tests

### Testing Strategy

### Four Test Types

1. **Boundary Testing**: Test upper and lower limits of input values
2. **Exception Testing**: Verify error handling logic
3. **Main Flow Testing**: Cover normal business processes
4. **Condition Branch Testing**: Ensure all branches are tested

### Continuous Improvement

1. **Regular Review Reports**
   - Check coverage changes before each commit
   - Review coverage during Pull Request

2. **Identify Risk Areas**
   - Focus on uncovered critical code
   - Prioritize high complexity untested areas

3. **Gradual Improvement**
   - Gradually improve test coverage of important modules
   - New features must include tests

4. **Team Collaboration**
   - Establish testing standards and processes
   - Code Review includes test checks

## CI/CD Integration

Coverage analysis can be integrated into CI/CD Pipeline, use `dotnet test --collect:"XPlat Code Coverage"` in GitHub Actions with `reportgenerator` to generate reports; in Azure DevOps use `DotNetCoreCLI@2` task with `PublishCodeCoverageResults@1`.

> For complete YAML configuration examples, see [references/cicd-integration.md](references/cicd-integration.md)

## FAQ and Solutions

### Q1: Coverage shows 0%?

### Checklist

1. Confirm `coverlet.collector` package is installed
2. Check if runsettings configuration is correct
3. Confirm tests actually executed
4. Check if exclusion settings are too broad

### Q2: Can't see coverage in Visual Studio?

### Solution

- Community/Professional versions: Install Fine Code Coverage extension
- Enterprise version: Use built-in feature
- Confirm coverage collection is enabled

### Q3: VS Code can't display coverage?

### Solution: (continued)

1. Confirm C# Dev Kit is installed
2. Re-run "Run Coverage Test"
3. Check if lcov file is generated
4. Try reloading window

### Q4: How to improve coverage?

### Strategy

1. Identify uncovered key code (red areas)
2. Supplement boundary condition tests
3. Test all conditional branches
4. Add exception scenario tests
5. Consider refactoring overly complex methods

## Template Files

See template files in same directory:

- `templates/runsettings-template.xml` - Coverage configuration template
- `templates/coverage-workflow.md` - Complete workflow instructions

## Checklist

When configuring code coverage, confirm the following items:

- [ ] `coverlet.collector` package installed
- [ ] Can execute `dotnet test --collect:"XPlat Code Coverage"`
- [ ] Tool can properly display coverage results
- [ ] Understand true meaning of coverage numbers (not KPI)
- [ ] Excluded unnecessary code (e.g., auto-generated code)
- [ ] Team understands coverage is auxiliary tool not target
- [ ] Focus on test quality rather than coverage numbers

## Related Skills

- `unit-test-fundamentals` - Unit testing basics and FIRST principles
- `xunit-project-setup` - xUnit test project setup
- `test-naming-conventions` - Test naming conventions

## Core Philosophy

> **Code coverage is a means, not an end.**
>
> Focus not on how high the number is, but on:
>
> - Whether critical business logic is tested
> - Whether tests truly validate expected behavior
> - Whether it provides confidence during refactoring

## Reference Resources

### Original Articles

This skill content is distilled from the "Old School Software Engineer's Testing Practice - 30 Day Challenge" article series:

- **Day 06 - Code Coverage Code Coverage Practical Guide**
  - Article: https://ithelp.ithome.com.tw/articles/10374467
  - Sample Code: None (this chapter is conceptual explanation)

### Official Documentation

- [.NET Unit Testing Best Practices](https://learn.microsoft.com/dotnet/core/testing/unit-testing-best-practices)
- [Unit Testing with Code Coverage](https://learn.microsoft.com/dotnet/core/testing/unit-testing-code-coverage)
- [dotnet-coverage Tool](https://learn.microsoft.com/dotnet/core/additional-tools/dotnet-coverage)
- [VS Code Testing](https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/editor/testing)

### Tools

- [Fine Code Coverage](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=FortuneNgwenya.FineCodeCoverage2022)
- [Coverlet](https://github.com/coverlet-coverage/coverlet)
- [ReportGenerator](https://github.com/danielpalme/ReportGenerator)

### Related Skills

- `unit-test-fundamentals` - Unit testing basics and FIRST principles
- `xunit-project-setup` - xUnit project setup